经典的英语格言(带翻译)
我不知道在别人看来,我是什么样的人;但自来,我不过就象是一个在玩耍的小孩,为不时发现比寻常更为光滑的一块卵石或比寻常更为美丽的一片贝壳而沾沾自喜,而对于展现在我面前的浩瀚的真理的海洋,却全然没有发现。
——牛顿 如果说我比别人看得更远些,那是因为我站在了巨人的肩上. ——牛顿 from the same principles, I now demonstrate the frame of the System of the World. Principia Mathematica. Hypotheses non fingo. I feign no hypotheses. Principia Mathematica. To explain all nature is too difficult a task for any one man or even for any one age. `Tis much better to do a little with certainty, and leave the rest for others that come after you, than to explain all things. Quoted in G Simmons Calculus Gems (New York 1992). The description of right lines and circles, upon which geometry is founded, belongs to mechanics. Geometry does not teach us to draw these lines, but requires them to be drawn. Principia Mathematica. The latest authors, like the most ancient, strove to subordinate the phenomena of nature to the laws of mathematics. [His epitaph:] Who, by vigor of mind almost divine, the motions and figures of the planets, the paths of comets, and the tides of the seas first demonstrated. If I have been able to see further, it was only because I stood on the shoulders of giants. Letter to Robert Hooke I know not what I appear to the world, but to myself I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the sea-shore, and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell, whilest the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me. Quoted in D Brewster, Memoirs of Newton Numero pondere et mensura Deus omnia condidit God created everything by number, weight and measure. I will not define time, space, place and motion, as being well known to all. Principia Mathematica I have not been able to discover the cause of those properties of gravity from phenomena, and I frame no hypotheses; for whatever is not deduced from the phenomena is to be called a hypothesis, and hypotheses, whether metaphysical or physical, whether of occult qualities or mechanical, have no place in experimental philosophy. Truth is ever to be found in the simplicity, and not in the multiplicity and confusion of things. Are not gross bodies and light convertible into one another; and may not bodies receive much of their activity from the particles of light which enter into their composition? The changing of bodies into light, and light into bodies, is very conformable to the course of Nature, which seems delighted with transmutations. In the absence of any other proof, the thumb alone would convince me of God's existence. Quoted in Des MacHale, Wisdom (London, 2002).
关于饮食的名言
1、如果你是富翁,那么应该在高兴的时候多吃;反之,你若贫穷,那么就在能吃的时候多吃。
——(德国哲学家)第欧根尼2、如果需要改变一种饮食习惯,那么最好对饮食全面重新调整一下。
——(英国哲学家)培根3、一个人不先感到饥渴,便享受不到饮食的乐趣。
——(古罗马哲学家)奥古斯丁4、人之养老之道,虽有水陆百品珍锤,每食忌于杂,杂则五味相扰。
——(中国古代医学家)孙思邀5、人的饮食要从五谷杂粮中吸收多方面的营养,也要从多种蔬菜中吸收营养,不能偏食。
——(中国教育家)徐特立6、口腹之欲,何穷之有。
每加节俭,亦是惜福延寿之道。
——(中国古代诗人)苏轼7、人应当善于鉴别哪些物品食用有益,哪些物品食用有害。
这种智慧,是一味最好的保健药。
——(英国哲学家)培根8、饮食习惯的改良比其他任何改良,其优点显然要大得多。
——(英国诗人)雪莱9、愈是能够欣赏食物的人就愈不需要调味品,愈是能够欣赏饮料的人就愈不忙于寻求他所没有的饮料。
——(古希腊历史学家)色诺芬10、未来的医生不开药,而是鼓励自己的病人关注自己的身体、饮食和疾病的原因、预防。
——爱迪生
求英语名言警句及出处
IDEAL 理想篇Do not , for one repulse , give up the purpose that you resolved to effect .(William Shakespeare , British dramatist) 不要只因一次失败,就放弃你原来决心想达到的目的。
(英国剧作家 .W.) Don't part with your illusions . When they are gone you may still exist , but you have ceased to live. (Mark Twain , American writer) 不要放弃你的幻想。
当幻想没有了以后,你还可以生存,但是你虽生犹死。
((美国作家 ) I want to bring out the secrets of nature and apply them for the happiness of man . I don't know of any better service to offer for the short time we are in the world .(Thomas Edison , American inventor) 我想揭示,用来造福人类。
我认为,在我们的短暂一生中,最好的贡献莫过于此了。
(美国发明家 . T.) Ideal is the beacon. Without ideal , there is no secure direction ; without direction , there is no life .( Leo Tolstoy , Russian writer) 理想是。
没有理想,就没有坚定的方向;没有方向,就没有生活。
(俄国作家 . L .) If winter comes , can spring be far behind ?( P. B. Shelley , British poet ) 冬天来了,春天还会远吗
( 英国诗人, 雪莱. P. B.) If you doubt yourself , then indeed you stand on shaky11 ground .( Ibsen , Norwegian dramatist ) 如果你怀疑自己,那么你的立足点确实不稳固了。
(挪威剧作家 易卜生) If you would go up high , then use your own legs ! Do not let yourselves carried aloft; do not seat yourselves on other people's backs and heads . (F. W . Nietzsche , German Philosopher) 如果你想走到高处,就要使用自己的两条腿
不要让别人把你抬到高处;不要坐在别人的背上和头上。
(德国哲学家 尼采. F. W.) It is at our mother's knee that we acquire our noblest and truest and highest , but there is seldom any money in them.( Mark Twain , American writer ) 就是在我们母亲的膝上,我们获得了我们的最高尚、最真诚和最远大的理想,但是里面很少有任何金钱。
(美国作家 ) Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. Alexander Dumas (Davy de La Pailleterie, French Writer) 生活没有目标就像航海没有指南针。
(法国作家 . A.) The ideals which have lighted my way , and time after time have given me new courage to face life cheerfully 19 have been kindness , beauty and truth .(Albert Einstein , American scientist) 有些理想曾为我们引过道路,并不断给我新的勇气以欣然面对人生,那些理想就是——真、善、美。
(美国科学家 . A .) The important thing in life is to have a great aim , and the determination to attain it. (Johan Wolfgang von Goethe , German Poet and dramatist) 人生重要的事情就是确定一个伟大的目标,并决心实现它。
(德国诗人、戏剧家 歌德 . J . M .) The man with a new idea is a crank until the idea succeeds .(Mark Twain , American writer) 具有新想法的人在其想法实现之前是个怪人。
(美国作家 ) The only limit to our realization of tomorrow will be our doubts of today .(Franklin Roosevelt , American president) 实现明天理想的唯一障碍是今天的疑虑。
(美国总统 . F .) When an end is lawful and obligatory, the indispensable means to is are also lawful and obligatory .(Abraham Lincoln , American statesman) 如果一个目的是正当而必须做的,则达到这个目的的必要手段也是正当而必须采取的。
(美国政治家 林肯. A.) STRUGGLE 奋斗篇Genius only means hard-working all one's life .( Mendeleyer , Russian Chemist) 天才只意味着终身不懈的努力。
(俄国化学家 门捷列耶夫) I have nothing to offer but blood , toil tears and sweat . (Winston Churchill, British Politician) 我所能奉献的没有其它,只有热血、辛劳、眼泪与汗水。
(英国政治家 . W.) Man errs so long as he strives. (Johan Wolfgang Goethe , German poet and dramatist) 人只要奋斗就会犯错误。
(德国诗人、剧作家 歌德. J. W.) My fellow Americans , ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country . My fellow citizens of the world ; ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man . (John Kennedy , American President ) 美国同胞们,不要问国家能为你们做些什么,而要问你们能为国家做些什么。
全世界的公民们,不要问美国将为你们做些什么,而要问我们共同能为人类的自由做些什么。
(美国总统 肯尼迪. J.) Our destiny offers not the cup of despair , but the chalice of opportunity . (Richard Nixon, American President ) 命运给予我们的不是失望之酒,而是机会之杯。
(美国总统 尼克松 . R.) Patience is bitter, but its fruit is sweet . (Jean Jacques Rousseau , French thinker) 忍耐是痛苦的,但它的果实是甜蜜的。
(法国思想家 卢梭. J. J.) Progress is the activity of today and the assurance of tomorrow . (Emerson, American thinker ) 进步是今天的活动、明天的保证。
(美国思想家 家默生) The world can be changed by man's endeavor, and that this endeavor can lead to something new and better .No man can sever the bonds that unite him to his society simply by averting his eyes . He must ever be receptive and sensitive to the new ; and have sufficient courage and skill to novel facts and to deal with them . (Franklin Roosevelt , American President ) 人经过努力可以改变世界,这种努力可以使人类达到新的、更美好的境界。
没有人仅凭闭目、不看社会现实就能割断自己与社会的联系。
他必须敏感,随时准备接受新鲜事物;他必须有勇气与能力去面对新的事实,解决新问题。
(美国总统罗斯福建. F.) There is no royal road to science ,and only those who do not dread the fatiguing climb of gaining its numinous summits . (Karl Marx, German revolutionary ) 在科学上没有平坦的大道,只有不畏劳苦沿着其崎岖之路攀登的人,才有希望达到它光辉的顶点。
( 德国革命家 马克思. K .) The man who has made up his mind to win will never say impossible . (Bonaparte Napoleon ,French emperor ) 凡是决心取得胜利的人是从来不说“不可能的”。
( 法国皇帝 拿破仑. B.) To do whatever needs to be done to preserve this last and greatest bastion of freedom .(Ronald Reagan , American President ) 为了保住这最后的、最伟大的自由堡垒,我们必须尽我们所能。
(美国总统 里根. R.) We cannot always build the future for our youth , but we can build our youth for the future . (Franklin Roosevelt , American president ) 我们不能总是为我们的青年造就美好未来,但我们能够为未来造就我们的青年一代。
(美国总统 罗斯福. F.) Where there is a will , there is a way .( Thomas Edison , American inventor ) 有志者,事竟成。
(美国发明家 爱迪生. T.) SUCCESS 成功篇Achievement provides the only real pleasure in life .( Thomas Edison , American inventor) 有所成就是人生唯一的真正乐趣。
( 美国发明家 爱迪生. T. ) But has the last word been said ? Is all hope to be lost ? Is the defeat final No !(Charles De Gaulle , French president ) 但是难道败局已定,胜利已经无望
不,不能这样说
(法国总统 戴高乐. C.) I succeeded because I willed it ; I never hesitated .(Bonaparte Napoleon , French emperor ) 我成功是因为我有决心,从不踌躇 。
(法国皇帝 拿破仑. B .) If you wish to succeed , you should use persistence as your good friend , experience as your reference , prudence as your brother and hope as your sentry. (Thomas Edison , American inventor ) 如果你希望成功,当以恒心为良友、以经验为参谋、以谨慎为兄弟、以希望为哨兵。
(美国发明家 爱迪生. T.) Only those who have the patience to do simple things perfectly ever acquire the skill to do difficult things easily . (Friedrich Schiller , German Dramatist and poet). 只有有耐心圆满完成简单工作的人,才能够轻而易举地完成困难的事。
(德国剧作家、诗人 席勒. F.) Power invariably means both responsibility and danger .(Theodore Roosevelt , American president) 实力永远意味着责任和危险。
(美国总统 罗斯福. T.) Success covers a multitude of blunders .(George Bernard Shaw , British Dramatist) 成功由大量的失望铸就。
( 英国剧作家 肖伯纳. G.) The people who get on in this world are the people who get up and look for circumstances they want , and if they cannot find them .they make them. (George Bernard Shaw , British dramatist ) 在这个世界上,取得成功的人是那些努力寻找他们想要机会的人,如果找不到机会,他们就去创造机会。
( 英国剧作家 肖伯纳. G.) You have to believe in yourself . That's the secret of success .(Charles Chaplin , American actor ) 人必须相信自己,这是成功的秘诀。
(美国演员 卓别林. C.) 希望对你有帮助
store是什么意思
department store[英][diˈpɑ:tmənt stɔ:][美][dɪˈpɑrtmənt stɔr]n.公司; 百货商; 复数:department stores例句:1.The sex workers accuse a nearby department store of pushing police to take suchmeasures. 这些性工作者指责是附近家百货公促警方采取如此措施。
2.He crooked a necklace from that department store. 他从那家百货商店里偷到一条项链。
关于英语图形谜语大全
英文谜语同中国谜语一样有着极其悠久的历史,其中最为有名的大概是斯芬克司之“谜”了。
“斯芬克司”一词源自希腊语Sphinx,是希腊神话中一个可怕的怪物,它长着女人的头、狮子的身躯,身上还有两只翅膀。
传说中,狮身人面的女怪斯芬克司生性残酷无比,常常守在大路口,让过往的行人猜一个谜,猜错了就要被吃掉。
有一次,一位国王的儿子被斯芬克司吃掉了,国王一怒之下,发出悬赏:“谁能把它制服,就给他王位。
”青年俄狄浦斯(Oedipus)应召前去,很快就道破谜底,斯芬克司便自杀了。
这个世界著名的谜语是:What goes on four feet, on two feet, and three, but the more feet it goes on, the weaker it will be.其谜底是Man. Because he crawls first, then walks on two feet, uses a cane when old.因为人在婴儿时用四肢在地上爬行,成人后两腿行走,年老后拄拐杖走路,所以谜底是“人”。
这个谜语还可以这样说:What goes on four legs at dawn, two at noon, and three at dusk? 在《圣经·士师记》中有这样一个故事,大力士参孙杀死了一头狮子,后来在狮子的尸体里发现了一群蜜蜂和蜂蜜,于是他就这件事编了一则谜语:Out of the eater came something to eat;/ Out of the strong came something sweet.他让菲利士人猜这个谜语,并允诺如果他们在七天之内给出谜底,就送给他们三十套亚麻布长袍和三十套衣服;如果给不出答案,他们就要送给他这些东西。
狡猾的菲利士人让参孙的妻子哄骗参孙说出谜底。
在第七天日落之前,菲利士人把答案告诉了参孙:What is sweeter than honey? / What is stronger than a lion? 上面两则有趣的谜语中,谜面的构成方法十分类似,都是采用了描写其特征的方法,英语中这种谜语被称为事物谜,也叫做描述性谜语(descriptive riddles)。
事物谜的谜面通常是用比喻、暗示或其他方法来描绘所猜谜底的特征,和汉语中物谜的谜面构成及猜测方法基本相同。
举例说明一下: My fatherland is Arabia, Though in England they roast me brown. I'm ground up inside a mill, And tortured with scalding water, And then they pour milk over me, And drink me at their leisure. 谜底是“Coffee”。
这个谜语用第一人称自述的手法道出谜面,最后一句则是点睛之笔,使人一下就猜出谜底是某种饮料。
另外一种人们经常见到的英文谜语是字谜(charades),字谜经常在字母、音节或是整个词的离合上做文章。
字谜的谜面通常是前面几句描述谜底单词的某个或某些字母在哪些单词中出现或是不出现,最后一句点出词义,或是为猜谜提供一些暗示和猜测的方向,有点像中文里的谜目。
猜英文字谜的关键是不要被谜面的含义或是寓意所迷惑,否则的话,很可能误入它途,不得要领。
例如: 1) The beginning of eternity, The end of time and space. The beginning of every end, And the end of every place. 将句中提到的单词“eternity, time, space, end, place”按照字面意思进行拆分,即可得到谜底:“The letter E”。
2)What starts with T,ends with T and full of T
谜底是“A teapot”。
teapot(茶壶)一词以字母T开头和结尾,而茶壶里装的自然是茶(tea),所以是full of T。
3)The longest word in the world.谜底是“smiles”。
这个单词的首字母和尾字母之间是单词“mile”(英里),可以理解为首尾间有一英里长,自然就是世界上最长的单词了。
猜这个字谜时,千万不要去翻词典去找一个字母最多的单词。
英文谜语中一个重要的类型是智力谜语,主要涉及一些机智与诙谐的问题(shrewd and witty questions),谜底通常是语义双关,和汉语中脑筋急转弯的问题极为类似,在英语中被称作“conundrums”。
在莎士比亚悲剧《哈姆雷特》第五幕第一场中,两个专门为死人挖墓穴的工人出了一则智力谜语:What is he that builds stronger than either the mason,the shipwright or the carpenter
意思是谁造出来的东西比泥水匠、船匠或是木匠造的更坚固
谜底是:The gallows-maker,for that frame outlives a thousand tenants.因为绞架比任何一个被吊死其上的死刑犯都存在得长久,所以谜底是“造绞架的人”。
莎士比亚用这则谜语告诉人们今日的辉煌迟早会成为过去。
猜智力谜语很有意思,也很有挑战性。
破解智力谜语首先要有对语言的悟性及灵活运用的能力,其次是丰富的语言知识,二者缺一不可。
英文中,有些智力谜语貌似严肃,煞有介事,谜底却是稀松平常,让人哭笑不得,大呼上当。
例如: 1) What is the difference between a presidential candidate and an overworked secretary? 谜底是“One can't wait to get into office and the other can't wait to get out of the office.”总统候选人(presidential candidate)迫不及待地要上任(get into office),而工作过度劳累的秘书则期待着下班(get out of the office)回家休息。
2)What is the cheapest way to see the world
谜底是“Buy an atlas”。
买一张地图(buy an atlas)就可以见到整个世界(see the world)了。
而其实see the world作为一个固定词组时的意思是“见多识广”。
有些貌似简单,谜底却耐人寻味。
如: What goes up and never goes down
谜底是“Age”。
年龄是永远向上增长,不可能下降的。
还有一些则语出惊人,出人意料,细细品味倒也幽默风趣,让人哑然失笑。
例如: Why should you never marry a tennis player
谜底是“Because love means nothing to them”。
love的通用义是“爱情”,在网球比赛中则表示“零分”。
英文智力谜语中有一类比较难猜,这类谜语是通过篡改英语谚语、成语或名句而形成的,要猜出这些谜语就必须对这些谚语、成语了如指掌,否则,就是绞尽脑汁也未必能猜中。
略举例说明一下: 1)Why shouldn't you cry if a cow slips on the ice? 谜底是“Because it's no use crying over spilt milk.” 英语中成语“覆水难收”是这样表达的:“It's no use crying over spilt milk.”所以谜底就用成语作一戏言,因为母牛摔在地上,它身上的牛奶也洒了。
2)What's a sculptor's motto? 谜底是“All work and no clay makes Jack a dull boy.” 雕塑师(sculptor)的格言All work and no clay makes Jack a dull boy.(只工作没有土,聪明孩子也变傻。
)是模仿谚语All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.(只工作不玩耍,聪明孩子也变傻。
)杜撰而来。
猜英文谜语不是易事,却是件愉悦身心、让人觉得很有成就感的事,有其难,亦有其乐。
在猜谜的过程中,可以丰富语言知识,提高驾御语言的能力,培养对语言的悟性,同时还可以增加生活的情趣。
最后,为了引起大家对英文谜语的兴趣,留几则谜语请大家猜一猜: I.字谜: 1) There is a thing that is the first to pity and the last to help. 2) I am the beginning of sorrow, and the end of sickness. You cannot express happiness without me; yet I am in the midst of crosses. I am always in risk, yet never in danger. You may find me in the sun, but I am never out of darkness. 3) My first is nothing but a name; My second still more small; My whole of so much smaller fame, It has no name at all. 4) If the English alphabet goes from A to Z, what goes from Z to A? II.事物谜: 1) At night they come Without being fetched, And by day they are lost Without being stolen. 2) As round as an apple, As deep as a pail; It never cries out, Till it's caught by the tail. 3) My sides are firmly laced about, Yet nothing is within; You'll think my head is strange indeed, Being nothing else but skin. 4) Over the water, And under the water, And never touch the water. 5) I never was, am always to be, No one ever saw me, nor ever will And yet I am the confidence of all To live and breathe on this terrestrial ball. III.智力谜: 1) Why are Saturdays and Sundays so strong? 2)swheresdo smart dogs refuse to shop? 3) Would you rather an elephant kill you, or a gorilla? 4) When do elephants have sixteen feet
5) Which is faster, heat or cold? 6) What's every baby's motto?- 答案: I.字谜:1) The letter P 2)The letter S 3)Nameless 4) Zebra II.事物谜:1)Stars 2)A bell 3)A drum 4)A girl crossing a bridge with a pail of water on her head. 5)Tomorrow III.智力谜: 1)Because the rest are weekdays.提示:weekdays的意思是“工作日”,而week(星期)和weak(弱的)是一对同音异义词。
2)At flea markets.提示:flea market的意思是“跳蚤市场”(经营廉价古物、旧货等的露天市场)。
谜底把flea market曲解为“跳蚤的市场”,聪明的狗可不愿长跳蚤,自然不愿去有跳蚤的市场。
3)I'd rather he kill the gorilla.提示:谜面可以有两种解释。
第一种是“你希望大象杀死你,还是大猩猩杀死你
”第二种解释是“你希望大象杀死你,还是杀死大猩猩
” 4)When there are four of them.提示:因为四只大象(four elephants)有十六条腿。
5)Heat. You can catch cold.提示:catch cold的意思是“患感冒”,字面意思是“抓住冷”,但是从来没人说catch heat。
6) If at first you don't succeed, cry, cry again.提示:孩子的格言If at first you don't succeed, cry, cry again.(一次哭闹不成功,哭闹再哭闹)是模仿谚语If at first you don't succeed, try, try again.(一次不成功,努力再努力)杜撰而来
坎特伯雷故事集 英文梗概
The original plan: Chaucer originally planed to write 120 stories, 2 for each pilgrim to tell on the way to Canterbury and 2 more on the way back. But he actually completed only 22, though there are 2 more existed in fragments. The work was probably first conceived in 1386, when Chaucer was living in Greenwich, some miles east of London. From his house he might have been able to see the pilgrim road that led toward the shrine of the famous English saint, Thomas a Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury who was murdered in his cathedral in 1170. Medieval pilgrims were notorious tale tellers, and the sight and sound of the bands riding toward Canterbury may well have suggested to Chaucer the idea of using a fictitious pilgrimage as a frame for a number of stories. This practice was common in the later period of the Middle Ages. Boccaccio had told 100 tales in his Decameron, each of the ten characters told a story a day for ten days. Another Italian, Gioanni Sercambi, had placed a series of stories in the mouth of the leader of a group of persons journeying on horseback. But it seems that Chaucer was unaware of the Italian precedents; his artistic exploitation of the device is altogether his own. The structure: The Canterbury Tales is not merely a collection of stories strung together by some loose thread, as was the general practice for some European writers of the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance to assemble a rather large group of tales into a single work of some magnitude, but Chaucer creates in the General Prologue a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life and then assigns to each of them some appropriate tale shedding light on the respective narrator's distinctive personality, and then in the separate prologues to some of the tales, and in the links that link up some of the tales, the author makes further efforts to show the interplay between the characters as well as their respective traits and idiosyncrasies. Thus the total effect of the poem as a whole is a comprehensive picture of the social reality of the poet's day, especially since the pilgrims portrayed include men and women of all different professions, the high and the low, the lay and the clerical, the learned and the ignorant, the roguish and the upright, all excepting the very highest (i.e. the king and the top nobility) and lowest (i.e. the very poor laboring folk) in social rank at the time. Characters included are: (1) the monastic orders which include a rich monk, a friar, a prioress with her chaplain, a nun and three priests; (2) the secular clergy which include a parson, a pardoner and a summoner, to be joined by a canon and his yeoman devoted to alchemy; (3)the upper rung on the social ladder includes a knight, a squire, and a yeoman, a wealthy franklin, a doctor, a lawyer, and an Oxford scholar; (4) the trade which is represented by a merchant and a shipman; (5) the burgesses or freemen which include a haberdasher, a carpenter, a weaver, a dyer, a tapestry-maker, a cook, and the Wife of Bath; (6) the rural dwellers which include a miller, a reeve, a manciple and a plowman. The merits The merits of the 24 tales are of unequal merits. Taken as a whole they represent practically the whole range of literary genres in medieval and early Renaissance Europe, embracing minstrelcy, chivalric romances, fabliaux, lays, legends, legendary epic sagas, animal epics, mythology, moral allegories and sermons. Though Chaucer did not always succeed in his experiments with all the different popular literary media of the day, he certainly had wide interest in numerous literary traditions and innovations not alone in England but also on the Continent of Europe. 【内容介绍】 乔叟的《坎特伯雷故事集》不是第一本短篇小说集,甚至让一群人中每人讲一个故事这种形式也不是什么新主意。
在卜伽丘的《十日谈》中就有十个人,为了躲避1348年在佛罗伦萨肆虐的温疫逃到城郊的庄园。
他们就是通过讲故事来消磨时间的。
《坎特伯雷故事集》中也有一群人,每个人讲述一个故事。
我们不仅对故事本身感兴趣,而且对讲述故事的人也感兴趣。
他们中的每个人都是真实的。
乔叟在引言中把他们一一作了介绍。
然后,我们又在故事中与他们相识。
很快,我们就觉得对他们每个人都有所了解。
乔叟(约1343—1400) 英国诗人。
伦敦酒商的儿子。
十几岁起进入宫廷当差。
1359年随爱德华三世的部队远征法国,被法军俘虏,不久赎回。
乔叟与宫廷往来密切,当过廷臣、关税督察、肯特郡的治安法官、郡下议院议员。
他曾因外交事务出使许多国家和地区,到过比利时、法国、意大利等国,有机会遇见薄伽丘与彼特拉克,这对他的文学创作产生了很大的影响。
乔叟在庇护者失宠期间,被剥夺了官位和年金,经济拮据。
他曾写过打油诗《致空囊》给刚登基的亨利四世,申诉自己的贫穷。
1400年乔叟逝世,安葬在伦敦威斯敏特斯教堂的“诗人之角”。
乔叟的诗歌创作分为三个时期: ①法国影响时期(1359—1372):主要翻译并仿效法国诗人的作品,创作了《悼公爵夫人》,用伦敦方言翻译了法国中世纪长篇叙事诗《玫瑰传奇》等。
②意大利影响时期(1372—1386):诗人接触了资产阶级人文主义的进步思想。
这一时期的创作如《百鸟会议》、《特罗伊勒斯和克莱西德》、《好女人的故事》,反映了作者面向生活现实的创作态度和人文主义观点。
③成熟时期(1386—1400):乔叟在这最后15年里从事《坎特伯雷故事集》的创作。
无论在内容和技巧上都达到他创作的顶峰。
他首创的英雄双韵体为以后的英国诗人所广泛采用,被誉为“英国诗歌之父”。
《坎特伯雷故事集》内容提要 4月的一天,一群香客去坎特伯雷朝圣,投宿在泰巴旅店。
次日,店主、香客与在此住宿的作者一起出发。
店主提议在去坎特伯雷的路上每人讲两个故事,回来时再讲两个,被大家公认为最佳的讲故事者可以在回来时白吃一顿丰盛的晚餐。
乔叟只完成计划中120个故事中的24个(包括两个未完成的),其中22个为诗体,两个散文体。
每个故事前均有开场语,全书有一个总序。
作者用这种方式把各个零散故事连成一体。
《坎特伯雷故事集》有几点值得注意: 一、它展现了广阔的社会画面。
香客来自社会各个阶层:骑士、僧侣、学者、律师、商人、手工业者、自耕农、磨坊主等。
二、它综合采用了中世纪的各种文学体裁,有骑士传奇、圣徒传、布道文、寓言等。
三、总序和开场白中对人物的描写和故事本身饶有趣味,充满幽默感。
四、语言带上了讲述人自身的特征,每人所讲的故事都体现出讲述人的身份、趣味、爱好、职业和生活经验。
《坎特伯雷故事集》之女尼的教士的故事(梗概) 公鸡腔得克利与7只母鸡住在一位克勤克俭的寡妇院子里。
一天凌晨,公鸡从噩梦中惊醒。
他梦见一只野兽潜伏在草丛里伺机要咬死他。
他最宠爱的母鸡帕特立特讥笑他胆小如鼠,认为男子汉大丈夫应该敢于蔑视一切,有胆有识,劝他不必把梦放在心上。
可公鸡举了很多例子说明,人在遭恶运之前都曾在梦中得到预兆。
比如:有两人因找不到旅店,一人不得不投宿牛棚。
夜里,另一人两次梦见宿牛棚的朋友向他求救。
他未加理会。
第三次做梦时,朋友告诉他自己已被贪图金钱的马夫谋害,恳请他第二天清早拦住一辆粪车,他的尸体就藏在粪车底层。
事实果然证实了梦中的景象。
后来谋杀者被揭露并受绞刑。
又如:有两人要乘船远航,因为风向不对,被迫耽误一天。
就在这天夜里,其中一人梦中得到警告:第二天不要出海,否则会淹死。
他的同伴听后不以为然,坚持动身。
后来果然遇难。
公鸡说完这些可怕的事情,又自我宽慰了一番。
等天一亮,他如平日一样与母鸡们觅食寻欢,早把昨夜的担惊受怕抛在脑后。
突然间,他发现躲在草丛里的狐狸,不禁大惊失色。
正要拔腿逃跑,狐狸叫住他,说自己是专门来欣赏公鸡的歌声的。
一番奉承话说得公鸡心花怒放。
他刚摆好姿势准备引吭高歌,狐狸冲上前咬住他的颈项,急步向窝奔去。
母鸡们慌乱的哭叫声引来了寡妇和她的两个女儿。
众人带着棍棒协力追赶。
公鸡见状,对狐狸耍了个花招,从他嘴里挣扎出来,侥幸地逃脱了厄运。
故事赏析 这是一篇动物寓言。
它以独特的体裁和风趣幽默的语言吸引读者,体现了《坎特伯雷故事集》的艺术特色。
这篇寓言故事出自一位供奉神职的教士之口。
故事讲叙人旁征博引,在不长的篇幅中引用各类古籍、《圣经》和传说中的典故达20余处之多,熨帖自然,引入入胜。
故事除了按传统的结构法在结尾点明寓意之外,还在讲叙过程中见缝插针,不失时机地加入警句。
例如,在转述公鸡所讲的谋财害命的故事时,教士情不自禁说道:“啊,上帝,您是多么圣明公正/谋杀尽管无人知晓,您会将它揭露/……尽管它藏上一年、两年或三年/谋杀终会暴露……”这种布道式的语气在文中随处可见,成了铺叙故事时一个不可或缺的构成因素,产生了独特的艺术效果。
读者在欣赏故事的同时,可以从布道式的语气中清楚地意识到讲叙人的教士身份。
这种个性化的语言恰恰是《坎特伯雷故事集》艺术魅力长存的关键之一。
除去讲述者个性分明外,故事也展示了作者驾驭语言的才能。
公鸡腔得克利骄傲自大、目空一切,俨然以一方之主的姿态昂首阔步,但又生性胆怯、疑神疑鬼。
他喜欢别人对他阿谀奉承,容易受骗上当。
他时而高谈阔论,似乎能洞察一切;时而又唠唠叨叨,唯恐恶运临头;时而敏感,时而愚钝。
母鸡帕特立特也颇具个性。
她的言谈风度仿佛是位备受宠爱的太太。
话语尖刻锋利,十分任性,但对自己的丈夫又是一往情深。
通过富有个性的语言,作者活灵活现地展示了这一对性格迥异却又趣味相投的公鸡母鸡的身影。
《坎特伯雷故事集》的幽默讥讽的特色在此也得到了生动的体现。
教士用学者的口吻讲话,或者搬弄华丽的词藻,或者一本正经地引经据典,讲叙的却仅仅是一个关于公鸡、母鸡、狐狸的动物故事,传达的只是街头巷尾的琐闻。
这种气势和内容的脱节,产生了一种幽默、滑稽的艺术效果。
例如公鸡趾高气扬的神态在狐狸面前一扫而光;狐狸狡猾地诱使公鸡上当,而自己又不免同样被骗;公鸡、母鸡在言谈中显露出一副贵公子、贵夫人的气派,而在行动中又难免现出家禽的本色。
乔叟正是通过这种事物本质与表象、内容与形式之间的问离,巧妙地制造了笼罩全篇的幽默滑稽的喜剧气氛。
假如我们将这篇故事放在文艺复兴曙光初露的大背景上观照的话,不难发现无论是个性化的语言还是喜剧式的效果都被点染上了人文主义的思想光彩。
“妙相庄严”的教士自然改不了他的职业习惯,而救人脱离苦海的布道却蜕变为插科打诨式的动物寓言;上帝、教义之类当然仍是教士念念不忘的法宝,而故事却全然不顾宗教的庄严肃穆,透出一片人间的盎然情趣,归结为尘俗世界的生活格言:该睁眼时莫闭眼,该缄默时勿开口。
这种重世俗、重现世的人文主义思想的流露也为这篇风格瑰丽、意趣盎然的动物寓言添上了意味隽永的一笔。
附【目录】 前言 引言 在泰巴德客栈 骑士的故事 派拉蒙和阿赛特 学者的故事 逆来顺受的格丽西达 巴斯太太的故事 女人最大的欲望是什么
赦罪僧的故事 三个寻找‘死亡’的人 自由农的故事 三个承诺 游乞僧的故事 教会差役和魔鬼 女尼的教士的故事 公鸡羌得克立和狐狸 《坎特伯雷故事集》是英国作家乔叟的小说。
作品描写一群香客聚集在伦敦一家小旅店里,准备去坎特伯雷城朝圣。
店主人建议香客们在往返途中各讲两个故事,看谁讲的最好。
故事集包括了23个故事,其中最精彩的故事有:骑士讲的爱情悲剧故事、巴斯妇讲的骑士的故事、卖赎罪券者讲的劝世寓言故事、教士讲的动物寓言故事、商人讲的家庭纠纷的故事、农民讲的感人的爱情和慷慨义气行为的故事。
作品广泛地反映了资本主义萌芽时期的英国社会生活,揭露了教会的腐败、教士的贪婪和伪善,谴责了扼杀人性的禁欲主义,肯定了世俗的爱情生活。
《坎特伯雷故事集》的艺术成就很高,远远超过了以前同时代的英国文学作品,是英国文学史上现实主义的第一部典范。
作品将幽默和讽刺结合,喜剧色彩浓厚,其中大多数故事用双韵诗体写成,对后来的英国文学产生了影响。
人物形象鲜明,语言生动活泼。
乔叟用富有生命力的伦敦方言进行创作,也为英国文学语言奠定了基础。
他首创的英雄双韵体为以后的英国诗人所广泛采用,因而乔叟被誉为“英国诗歌之父”。