世界上第一个登上月球的人是谁.?哪个国家的.?
第一个登上月球的宇阿姆斯特朗 尼尔·奥·阿姆斯特朗 (Neil Alden Armstrong) 19308月5日生于俄亥俄州瓦帕科。
1955年获珀杜大学航空工程专业理学硕士学位。
1949－1952年在美国海军服役（飞行驾驶员）。
1955年进入国家航空技术顾问委员会（即后来的国家航空和航天局）刘易斯飞行推进实验室工作，后在委员会设在加利福尼亚的爱德华兹高速飞行站任试飞员。
1962年至1970年在休斯敦国家航空和航天局载人宇宙飞船中心任宇航员。
1966年3月为“双子星座－8”号宇宙飞船特级驾驶员。
1969年7月20日，美国宇航员尼尔·阿姆斯特朗和巴兹·奥尔德林乘“阿波罗”11号飞船首次登月 1969年7月16日，同奥尔德林和柯林斯（由他担任指令长）乘“阿波罗－11”号宇宙飞船，飞向月球。
7月20日，由阿姆斯特朗操纵“飞鹰”号登月舱在月球表面着陆，当天下午10时他和奥尔德林跨出登月舱，踏上月面。
阿姆斯特朗率先踏上月球那荒凉而沉寂的土地，成为第一个登上月球并在月球上行走的人。
当时他说出了此后在无数场合常被引用的名言：“这是个人迈出的一小步，但却是人类迈出的一大步。
”他们在月球上度过21个小时，21日从月球起飞，24日返回地球。
同年获总统颁发的自由勋章。
1970年至1971年在华盛顿的国家航空和航天局总部任高级研究和技术办公室副主任。
1971年从宇航局退职后，任辛辛那提大学航空工程学教授至1979年。
1985年3月任太空问题全国委员会成员。
1986年2月任调查航天飞机事故的总统委员会副主席。
八十年代起，他还曾担任多所公司的董事或董事长。
1999年7月20日，美国在华盛顿航空航天博物馆举行仪式，纪念人类首次登月30周年。
戈尔副总统在仪式上将“兰利金质奖章”授予首次登上月球的美国宇航员尼尔·阿姆斯特朗和他的同伴埃德温·奥尔德林以及驾驶指令舱的迈克尔·柯林斯。
西点军校的名言
1. 军校所致力的教育目不仅是培训一流军官，而且一流的人培养成真正的男子汉，培养成未来的全方位的领导人。
西点军校前校长伊·L·班尼迪克2. 每个人所受教育的精华部分，就是他自己教给自己的东西。
西点军校前校长A·L·米尔斯3. 才能出众者，才堪担当重任；而努力学习，刻苦训练，是获得才能的惟一途径。
西点军校著名学子、美国第三十四任总统艾森豪威尔4. 每个人都是你的老师。
西点军校成立之命令签署人汤玛斯·杰佛逊5. 闲暇时光如果不用来读书，以累积发展自我的力量，而在无所事事中任其流逝，是非常可惜的。
西点军校前学员团团长 麦康尼夫6. 作为男人，只有对艰苦和严格习以为常，在困难面前才能够尽职尽责。
1909年西点军校毕业生 巴顿将军7. 很难想象，在列队的时候不干脆俐落的一群人，打起仗来能够把自己和鸟合之众区别开来。
1901年西点军校毕业生、曾任校长的道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟8. 一个战场指挥官假如不执行和维护纪律，那就是潜在的杀人犯；指挥官的放肆言词是锻炼部队的手段之一，没有粗俗劲儿就是无法指挥军队。
1909年西点军校毕业生 巴顿将军9. 非常情况下能否坚持原则，常常是判断一个人道德水准的重要依据。
著名西点学子、美国第十八任总统格兰特10. 要做正确的、该做的事，而不是能够赢得别人赞赏的事。
西点军校著名学子、美国第三十四任总统 艾森豪威尔 11. 年轻人需要的不只是学习书本上的知识，也不只是聆听他人种种的指挥，而是要加强一种敬业精神，对上级的托付立即采取行动，全心全意完成任务。
西点军校著名校友 艾尔伯特·哈伯特12. 在好规则面前，懂得捍卫和遵守，生活中才会享受更多的明媚阳光。
西点校友、著名工程技术专家 乔治·W·戈瑟尔斯13. 避免一切水水的失误，就能减少巨大的意外挫折。
著名西点学子、美国南北战争时期北方军总司令 格兰特将军14. 如果任凭感情支配自己的行动，那便会使自己成为了感情的奴隶。
一个人，没有比被自己的感情所奴役更不自由的了。
西点军校1971年毕业生 汤玛斯·梅兹中将15. 一个人想要征服世界，首先要战胜自己。
西点著名学者和教官 约翰·阿比札伊德中将16. 一个能自制的思想，是自由的思想，是自由的思想，自由便是力量
有时，为了获得真正的自由，必须暂时尽力约束自己。
1915年西点军校毕业生、美国陆军五星上将 欧玛·纳尔逊·布莱德雷17. 请只是告诉我结果，不必做出更多的解释。
1886年西点军校毕业生、潘兴18. 在这个世界，没有什么比“坚持”对成功的意义更大。
美国第三十四任总统 艾森豪威尔19. 忍耐是人生过程中，任何人都要承受的、最困难的一件事。
1915年西点军校毕业生、美国陆军五星上将 欧玛·纳尔逊·布莱德雷20. 信心和毅力，比西点军校的毕业证书更重要。
西点军校前校长 克利斯曼中将21. 强烈的成功欲望会使一个人忘记一切苦痛，迎来成功的一天。
西点毕业生、著名作家 爱伦坡22. 不客碰到什么障碍和困难，你都可以尝试把它成功地进行到底。
西点著名学子、美国军火大王 杜邦23. 能否多坚持一分钟，是人才和平庸之徒的分水领。
西点著名学员、巴拿马运河的总工程师 戈瑟尔斯24. 如果我们用你渡过最艰苦时刻的状态去应付现在的话，你将会很快渡过面前的这个难关。
西点军校1973年毕业生、经营管理顾问 考克斯 25. 虚荣的人注视著自己的名字，伟大的人则注视著自己的事业以及自己的国家。
西点军校学子、第一个在太空中行走的太空人 怀特26. 以顽强的毅力和百折不挠的奋斗精神去迎接生活中的各种挑战，才能够免遭淘汰。
西点著名校友、国际银行主席 奥姆斯特德27. 没有人生一帆风顺，任何人都会遭逢厄运。
积极的心态和顽强的努力，会让你解决任何难题。
西点校友、莱利斯·格罗夫斯准将28. 重要的不是到底发生了什么不幸的事，而是你如何看待它们。
西点著名学子、美国前国务卿 亚历山大·梅格斯·黑格29. 除了要克服来自生活的阻力，还要能够容忍别人偶尔不友好的态度。
西点校友马克斯韦尔。
D·勒将军30. 进入“西点”，是一种荣誉，更是一种挑战。
西点军校校友、美国第十八任总统 尤利塞·S·格兰特31. 训练时多流一加仑汗，战场上少流一加仑血。
西点军校著名校友 乔治·S·巴顿将军32. 在人生的战场上，幸运总是光临到能够努力奋斗抢点占先机的人身上。
1980届西点毕业生、西点军校前校长 佛雷德·W·斯莱登33. 努力不懈，是奔向梦想和目标的唯一坦途。
西点军校校友、著名企业家 威廉·B·富兰克林34. 若想在自己内心建立信心，即应像洒扫街道一般，首先应将相当于街道上最阴湿黑暗之角落的自卑感情除干净，然后再种植信心，并加以巩固。
西点著名校友、天才画家 詹姆斯·A·M·惠斯勒35. 环境不是不可改变的，只要你不是自怨自艾或垂头丧气，而是以顽强的信念，为自己创造更炫耀的前程。
1901年西点军校毕业生、曾任校长的道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟36. 不正面迎向恐惧，就得一生一世躲着它。
西点军校著名校友、国际银行主席奥姆斯特德37. 为了更好的解决问题，你不仅要助手，也需要对手。
1901年西点军校毕业生、曾任校长的道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟38. 要迅速、无情地、勇猛地、无休止地进攻
1909年西点军校毕业生 巴顿将军39. 追求享乐和怠惰谁都会，能够战胜它们的人才堪称强者。
西点校友多克·赖德40. 处于现今这个时代，如果说“做不到”，你将经常站在失败的一边。
西点军校前校长丹尼尔·W·克里斯曼中将41. 信念不坚定，难有大的作为。
1901年西点军校毕业生、曾任校长的道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟42. 成功的卓越的领导者必须有自己独特的思考方式，在遇到阻力的时候，必须有自信。
西点军校著名学子、美国第三十四任总统 艾尔豪威尔43. 遭遇挫折并不可怕，可怕的是因挫折而产生对自己能力的怀疑。
只要精神不倒，敢于放手一搏，就有胜利的希望。
西点军校前校长 伊·L·班尼迪克44. 失败的原因往往不是能力低下，力量薄弱，而是信心不足，还没有上场，就败下阵来。
西点校友，美国著名学者 班杰明·S·尤厄尔45. 要战胜别人，首先须战胜自己。
西点军校校友、著名工程学家 蒙哥马利·C·梅格斯46. 有时候，阻碍我们成功的主要障碍，不是我们能力的大小，而是我们的心态。
西点军校的第一任校长 乔纳森·威廉斯47. “没有办法”或“不可能”使事情画上句号，“总有办法”则使事情有突破的可能。
西点军校教官 约翰·哈利48. 信心与意志是一种心理状态，是一种可以用自我暗示诱导和修炼出来的积极的心理状态
西点军校毕业生、天才画家 詹姆斯·A·M·惠斯勒49. 规则和纪律要一定遵守，但这绝不应该成为你墨守成规的藉口。
西点军校1987届毕业生Compasss集团总裁 约翰·克理斯劳50. 敢于突破既有经验，常常会使你在绝处逢生。
西点军校教官 班杰明·斯帝克51. 勤于动脑，敢于创新的人，才能争取的主动。
西点军校毕业生、美国线上前首席执行官 詹姆斯·金姆塞52. 宁可花费很大力气而不肯动脑的人，是另一种意义上的懒汉。
1971年西点毕业生、著名企业家 杰夫·钱彼恩53. 不仅要达到目的，还要注意方法。
1915年西点军校毕业生、美国陆军五星上将 欧玛·纳尔逊·布莱德雷54. 灵活运用各种战术，在最短时间内给敌人造成最大伤亡和破坏。
1909年西点军校毕业生 巴顿将军
查找有关历史资料,了解有关林肯的情况?
WASHINGTON, George (1732-1799), first president of the U.S., commander in chief of the Continental army during the American Revolution. He symbolized qualities of discipline, aristocratic duty, military orthodoxy, and persistence in adversity that his contemporaries particularly valued as marks of mature political leadership. Washington was born on Feb. 22, 1732, in Westmoreland Co., Va., the eldest son of Augustine Washington (1694??743), a Virginia planter, and Mary Ball Washington (1708?9). Although Washington had little or no formal schooling, his early notebooks indicate that he read in geography, military history, agriculture, deportment, and composition and that he showed some aptitude in surveying and simple mathematics. In later life he developed a style of speech and writing that, although not always polished, was marked by clarity and force. Tall, strong, and fond of action, he was a superb horseman and enjoyed the robust sports and social occasions of the Virginia planter society. At the age of 16 he was invited to join a party to survey lands owned by the Fairfax family (to which he was related by marriage) west of the Blue Ridge Mountains. His journey led him to take a lifelong interest in the development of western lands. In the summer of 1749 he was appointed official surveyor for Culpeper Co., and during the next two years he made many surveys for landowners on the Virginia frontier. In 1753 he was appointed adjutant of one of the districts into which Virginia was divided, with the rank of major. Early Military Experience. Washington played an important role in the struggles preceding the outbreak of the French and Indian War. He was chosen by Lt. Gov. Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia to deliver an ultimatum calling on French forces to cease their encroachment in the Ohio River valley. The young messenger was also instructed to observe the strength of French forces, the location of their forts, and the routes by which they might be reinforced from Canada. After successfully completing this mission, Washington, then a lieutenant colonel, was ordered to lead a militia force for the protection of workers who were building a fort at the Forks of the Ohio River. Having learned that the French had ousted the work party and renamed the site Fort Duquesne, he entrenched his forces at a camp named Fort Necessity and awaited reinforcements. A successful French assault obliged him to accept articles of surrender, and he departed with the remnants of his company. Washington resigned his commission in 1754, but in May 1755 he began service as a volunteer aide-de-camp to the British general Edward Braddock, who had been sent to Virginia with a force of British regulars. A few kilometers from Fort Duquesne, Braddock抯 men were ambushed by a band of French soldiers and Indians. Braddock was mortally wounded, and Washington, who behaved gallantly during the conflict, narrowly escaped death. In August 1755 he was appointed (with the rank of colonel) to command the Virginia regiment, charged with the defense of the long western frontier of the colony. War between France and Britain was officially declared in May 1756, and while the principal struggle moved to other areas, Washington succeeded in keeping the Virginia frontier relatively safe. The American Revolution. After the death of his elder half brother Lawrence (1718?2), Washington inherited the plantation known as Mount Vernon. A spectacular rise in the price of tobacco during the 1730s and ?0s, combined with his marriage in 1759 to Martha Custis, a young widow with a large estate, made him one of the wealthiest men in Virginia. Elected to the House of Burgesses in 1758, he served conscientiously but without special distinction for 17 years. He also gained political and administrative experience as justice of the peace for Fairfax Co. Like other Virginia planters, Washington became alarmed by the repressive measures of the British crown and Parliament in the 1760s and early ?0s. In July 1774 he presided over a meeting in Alexandria that adopted the Fairfax Resolves, calling for the establishment and enforcement of a stringent boycott on British imports prior to similar action by the First Continental Congress. Together with his service in the House of Burgesses, his public response to unpopular British policies won Washington election as a Virginia delegate to the First Continental Congress in September and October 1774 and to the Second Continental Congress in 1775. The opening campaigns of the war. When fighting broke out between Massachusetts and the British in 1775, Congress named Washington commander of its newly created Continental army, hoping thus to promote unity between New England and Virginia. He took command of the makeshift force besieging the British in Boston in mid-July, and when the enemy evacuated the city in March 1776, he moved his army to New York. Defeated there in August by Gen. William Howe, he withdrew from Manhattan to establish a new defensive line north of New York City. In November he retreated across the Hudson River into New Jersey, and a month later crossed the Delaware to safety in Pennsylvania. Although demoralized by Howe抯 easy capture of New York City and northern New Jersey, Washington spotted the points where the British were overextended. Recrossing the icy Delaware on the night of Dec. 25, 1776, he captured Trenton in a surprise attack the following morning, and on Jan. 3, 1777, he defeated British troops at Princeton. These two engagements restored patriot morale, and by spring Washington had 8000 new recruits. Impressed by such tenacity, Howe delayed moving against Washington until late August, when he landed an army at the head of Chesapeake Bay. Wanting to fight, Washington tried unsuccessfully to block Howe抯 advance toward Philadelphia at the Battle of Brandywine Creek in September. Following the British occupation of the city, he fought a minor battle with them at Germantown, but their superior numbers forced him to retreat. Washington and his men spent the following winter at Valley Forge, west of Philadelphia. During these months, when his fortunes seemed to have reached their lowest point, he thwarted a plan by his enemies in Congress and the army to have him removed as commander in chief. In June 1778, after France抯 entry into the war on the American side, the new British commander, Sir Henry Clinton, evacuated Philadelphia and marched overland to New York; Washington attacked him at Monmouth, N.J., but was again repulsed. Washington blamed the defeat on Gen. Charles Lee抯 insubordination during the battle梩he climax of a long-brewing rivalry between the two men. Victory. Washington spent the next two years in relative inactivity with his army encamped in a long semicircle around the British bastion of New York City梖rom Connecticut to New Jersey. The arrival in 1780 of about 6000 French troops in Rhode Island under the comte de Rochambeau augmented his forces, but the weak U.S. government was approaching bankruptcy, and Washington knew that he had to defeat the British in 1781 or see his army disintegrate. He hoped for a combined American-French assault on New York, but in August he received word that a French fleet was proceeding to Chesapeake Bay for a combined land and sea operation against another British army in Virginia, and reluctantly agreed to march south. Washington and Rochambeau抯 movement of 7000 troops, half of them French, from New York State to Virginia in less than five weeks was a masterpiece of execution. Washington sent word ahead to the marquis de Lafayette, commanding American forces in Virginia, to keep the British commander, Lord Cornwallis, from leaving his base of operations at Yorktown. At the end of September the Franco-American army joined Lafayette. Outnumbering the British by two to one, and with 36 French ships offshore to prevent Yorktown from being relieved by sea, Washington forced Cornwallis to surrender in October after a brief siege. Although peace and British recognition of U.S. independence did not come for another two years, Yorktown proved to be the last major land battle of the Revolution. Washington as a military leader. Washington抯 contribution to American victory was enormous, and analysis of his leadership reveals much about the nature of the military and political conflict. Being selective about where and when he fought the British main force prevented his foes from using their strongest asset, the professionalism and discipline of their soldiers. At the same time, Washington remained a conventional military officer. He rejected proposals made by Gen. Charles Lee early in the war for a decentralized guerrilla struggle. As a conservative, he shrank from the social dislocation and redistribution of wealth that such a conflict would cause; as a provincial gentleman, he was determined to show that American officers could be every bit as civilized and genteel as their European counterparts. The practical result of this caution and even inhibition was to preserve the Continental army as a visible manifestation of American government when allegiance to that government was tenuous. Political Leadership. In one of his last acts as commander, Washington issued a circular letter to the states imploring them to form a vibrant, vigorous national government. In 1783 he returned to Mount Vernon and became in the mid-1780s an enterprising and effective agriculturalist. Shay抯 Rebellion, an armed revolt in Massachusetts (1786?7), convinced many Americans of the need for a stronger government. Washington and other Virginia nationalists were instrumental in bringing about the Constitutional Convention of 1787 to promote that end. Elected as a delegate to the convention by the Virginia General Assembly, Washington was chosen its president. In this position he played virtually no role梕ither formal or behind the scenes梚n the deliberations of the convention; however, his reticence and lack of intellectual flair may well have enhanced his objectivity in the eyes of the delegates, thereby contributing to the unself-conscious give and take that was the hallmark of the framers?deliberations. Also, the probability that Washington would be the first president may have eased the task of designing that office. His attendance at the Constitutional Convention and his support for ratification of the Constitution were important for its success in the state conventions in 1787 and 1788. First administration. Elected president in 1788 and again in 1792, Washington presided over the formation and initial operation of the new government. His stiff dignity and sense of propriety postponed the emergence of the fierce partisanship that would characterize the administrations of his three successors桱ohn Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison. He also made several decisions of far-reaching importance. He instituted the cabinet, although no such body was envisioned by the Constitution. He was socially aloof from Congress, thus avoiding the development of court and opposition factions. By appointing Alexander Hamilton secretary of the treasury and Thomas Jefferson secretary of state, he brought the two ablest and most principled figures of the revolutionary generation into central positions of responsibility. Washington supported the innovations in fiscal policy proposed by Hamilton梐 funded national debt, the creation of the Bank of the United States, assumption of state debts, and excise taxes, especially on whiskey, by which the federal government would assert its power to levy controversial taxes and import duties high enough to pay the interest on the new national debt. Similarly, he allowed Jefferson to pursue a policy of seeking trade and cooperation with all European nations. Washington did not foresee that Hamilton抯 and Jefferson抯 policies were ultimately incompatible. Hamilton抯 plan for an expanding national debt yielding an attractive rate of return for investors depended on a high level of trade with Britain generating enough import-duty revenue to service the debt. Hamilton therefore felt that he had to meddle in foreign policy to the extent of leaking secret dispatches to the British. Second administration. The outbreak of war between revolutionary France and a coalition led by Britain, Prussia, and Austria in 1793 jeopardized American foreign policy and crippled Jefferson抯 rival foreign policy design. When the French envoy, Edmond Gen阾, arrived in Charleston in April 1793 and began recruiting American privateers梐nd promising aid to land speculators who wanted French assistance in expelling Spain from the Gulf Coast梂ashington insisted, over Jefferson抯 reservations, that the U.S. denounce Gen阾 and remain neutral in the war between France and Britain. Washington抯 anti-French leanings, coupled with the aggressive attitude of the new regime in France toward the U.S., thus served to bring about the triumph of Hamilton抯 pro-British foreign policy梖ormalized by Jay抯 Treaty of 1795, which settled outstanding American differences with Britain. The treaty梬hich many Americans felt contained too many concessions to the British梩ouched off a storm of controversy. The Senate ratified it, but opponents in the House of Representatives tried to block appropriations to establish the arbitration machinery. In a rare display of political pugnacity, Washington challenged the propriety of the House tampering with treaty making. His belligerence on this occasion cost him his prized reputation as a leader above party, but it was also decisive in securing a 51?8 vote by the House to implement the treaty. Conscious of the value of his formative role in shaping the presidency and certainly stung by the invective hurled at advocates of the Jay Treaty, Washington carefully prepared a farewell address to mark the end of his presidency, calling on the U.S. to avoid both entangling alliances and party rancor. After leaving office in 1797, Washington retired to Mount Vernon, where he died on Dec. 14, 1799. Evaluation. Washington抯 place in the American mind is a fascinating chapter in the intellectual life of the nation. Washington provided his contemporaries with concrete evidence of the value of the citizen soldier, the enlightened gentleman farmer, and the realistic nationalist in stabilizing the culture and politics of the young republic. Shortly after the president抯 death, an Episcopal clergyman, Mason Locke Weems, wrote a fanciful life of Washington for children, stressing the great man抯 honesty, piety, hard work, patriotism, and wisdom. This book, which went through many editions, popularized the story that Washington as a boy had refused to lie in order to avoid punishment for cutting down his father抯 cherry tree. Washington long served as a symbol of American identity along with the flag, the Constitution, and the Fourth of July. The age of debunking biographies of American personages in the 1920s included a multivolume denigration of Washington by American author Rupert Hughes (1872?956), which helped to distort Americans?understanding of their national origins. Both the hero worship and the debunking miss the essential point that his leadership abilities and his personal principles were exactly the ones that met the needs of his own generation. As later historians have examined closely the ideas of the Founding Fathers and the nature of warfare in the Revolution, they have come to the conclusion that Washington抯 specific contributions to the new nation were, if anything, somewhat underestimated by earlier scholarship.