赞美三星堆的句子28条
1、三星堆，一个神秘的国度，一块神奇的土地。在这片热土上，蕴含着古蜀文化的奥秘，珍藏着古蜀先民的足迹。她在华夏文明史的长河中塑起了一座历史的丰碑，是中华文明宝库中的一颗耀眼的明珠！
2、三星堆，你有古蜀国的壮志。古代任何一种民族都在你的怀里。你是远古积攒下来的神的精灵，你深埋在成都平原那么多年，默默无闻，静静等待。那个黄昏，你终于被三星堆人把你挖掘，你刚维启一道缝隙，就已经震惊世界。我看见黄种人在为你骄傲，黄头发蓝眼睛的人在为你欢呼。
3、当阳光普照、云霞蒸蔚之际，苍翠的山峦平静地面对自己的影子，村庄像花树摇动着天堂般的动人轮廓，广汉的天空带着神龙的飞舞、山川的灵气、玉陶的光彩、黄金的贵重，还有花香般的幸福，抚慰了一个很宽很大很长很久的梦想。那方至高无上的金杖猛地深入了我们的骨头和思想，把所有的光彩色泽亮加于一身，就等于把整个天府之国完全亮丽地烘托出来……
4、 “三星堆”位于四川德阳市的广汉鸭子河畔，它的发掘，开创了中国的历史，再说炎帝黄帝是首个皇帝当休了。成都盆地的尘土掩埋了古蜀国文明，秦巴山脉隔断了和商周朝的联系。古蜀国的王蚕丛没有记下国家的事，刘备因识人而在成都称帝……三星堆是在5000年前蜀地的文明，和当时的商王朝并立，不相隶属，之后秦灭六国，率军入川，灭蜀国，这个文明才算正式并入中原文明。
5、三星堆，蕴含着丰富的文化和历史信息，掩蔽着众多的扑朔迷离的文化之谜，正是这样一块隐藏着古蜀文明的神奇土地，她正等待着人们去发现与探索，去创造三星堆的一个历史新纪元。
6、走进这座真实的古城，当我的手指触摸着十月感受到巴蜀之魂，远处的凤凰在涅槃之后的声音变得异常清澈；当那个龟裂的陶器，连同历史丛中一个勤劳民族崛起的表情蜿蜒而来，正在闪亮的时光，让季节构不成停顿，缤纷的镜头像从深远模糊到渐近明晰的身影，让人频频回首。
7、无疑，三星堆是神秘的，古朴的，是一个有着神奇色彩的国度，是一块蕴含着古蜀文明的.热土，她更是一个十分吸引人的地方。远方的朋友，我们盛情地邀请你来广汉做客！
8、站在三星堆遗址门口，眺望古蜀国历史维启的那道缝隙。也许，三星堆永远只是“微启”着的门缝。金字塔尚且有一些文字让我们看得更深一点，而我们的三星堆却是幽微而难以洞见的。因为她没有语言和文字，她至今唯一能向我们诉说的就是那神灵的正能量。
9、走进三星堆景区，美丽的景色让人心旷神怡，参天大树，清清的湖水，还有几只在枝头相会的小鸟。我怀着好奇心去了第一个博物馆——综合馆。刚进去，就黑乎乎的，仿佛回到了几千年前。首先，第一幅壮丽的叫“长江文明之源”，里面的高山连绵起伏，把我们引入了下一个珍贵的历史——两千年前的国宝之一“玉璋”。
10、在马牧河岸上放目四望，通向古城墙的高高祭祀台，早已躺在断砖残瓦沙砾里。那叶摇荡沉浮的小船迎面漂来，那个捕鱼的汉子用双手说话，那个孩童在河中戏水，轻轻掀起水的皮肤。看着不息流淌的河水，还有那水草、水鸟和水影中走动的云朵，我的思绪伸向了远方，像叫不出名字的神鸟，涂鸦在蓝幽幽的天穹。我依稀谛听到来自陶器在窑火中打转的噼呖啪啦声响……
11、在三星堆，青铜器永远闪烁着不灭的光辉。古蜀人在三星堆的青铜酒爵里被灌醉。五千年的美酒，一直飘香到今天，三星堆里的每一个酒爵都被这醇香的美酒侵润得光彩照人。
12、四川成都平原，古称天府之国，但谁也没见过古代天府之国的真实模样，近来在地下几千年的三星堆一打开，人们顿时目瞪口呆：成堆的玉器、成堆的象牙、小山似的海贝、闪闪的金权杖金面罩金神树、真人大小的铜人。经清理后发现这些宝物中，以青铜器、玉石器为主，兼及金器、陶器，包括人物与动物造像、眼睛形器、玉石礼器及金饰等伍。
13、三星堆在广汉地下沉睡了三千多年，有着数千年的悠久文明，是古蜀文化的杰出代表，是中华文明的又一发源地。三星堆，那是一个迷雾中的王国，她来无踪，去无影；那是一个混沌的世界，历史的真相，由于时间的流逝而被披上了神秘的面纱，化作一个千古之谜；那是一个拥有着悠远神秘的异域气息的国度，她的风采，无愧于世界最宝贵的文化遗产之一。
14、成都平原，泥土里长出了青铜，古老的蜀国，远离中原的古蜀国，人们饲养鱼鹰。此时此刻，来自青藏高原古羌部落的蚕丛及鱼凫，他们手持太阳金轮，去迎接世间唯一的神明。那棵巨大的神树就是很好的明证。血脉中走完太阳的短暂一生。太阳隐藏在头顶花冠，太阳神的耳朵和眼睛长满青铜神树，在夜里熠熠生辉。
15、三星堆公园到处都是草坪，远远望去，像是一块又厚又软的绿毯。优雅的环境真让我佩服，你看，那小草正享受着温暖的阳光，这里深绿、那里浅绿，绿得有层次，在阳光照射下，草尖一动，还闪着金光呢！
16、接着，我们参观了国家一级保护文物——神杖。这根神杖浑身是金灿灿的黄金，上面雕刻着一只小鸟嘴中含着一条栩栩如生的小鱼。听爷爷说，古代巴蜀曾经有许多部落，其中最大的两个部落——鱼部落和鸟部落，随着时间的流逝，鸟部落出兵灭了鱼部落，因此，为了显示自己的威风，鸟部落的首领便命令人做出这根金杖，她象征着至高无上的皇权。着根金杖还是商朝以前含金量最多的金杖呢。
17、在遥远的古代，遥远的，遥远的古蜀王国，金手杖属于哪一个呢？是属于作威作福的人呢？还是属于一个是晓明事理的人？我们不得而知。面对三星堆里发掘出来的那根金手杖，我百思不得其解。我只能知道，无论在哪个时代，流淌在成都平原上的鸭子河，是一条流淌生命的河。
18、二号馆内的金杖和金面具举世罕见。由于年代久远，金杖里的木头已经变形、金面具也出现了无数裂痕，但其雕刻的图案依然清晰、精美。但最让人震惊的还是青铜神树和青铜大立人像。青铜神树总高度达396厘米。它形体巨大，结构复杂，树叉众多，因而采用了分段铸造的方法，最后再焊接、组装。它是中国目前发现的唯一一棵商周时期的神树。青铜大立人像连台座高达2.62米，是中国考古前所未有的珍品。
18、“沉睡三千年，一醒惊天下。”三星堆素来有着如此美誉。早在距今4800年前，三星堆就是古蜀国的文化、经济、政治的中心，古蜀先民们经过两千年的繁衍生息，在这里筑起了城市，建立了国家，创造了辉煌的三星堆文明。而如今的三星堆，已经成为了饮誉世界的旅游胜地，她名扬天下、声震环宇，以那悠久的历史文化和神秘的异域气息吸引着世界各地前来观光旅游的人们。
20、下了车，首先映入眼帘的三座大型的博物管像三座土堆，怪不得人们称它为三星堆博物馆呢。一进门，一个大大的“蜀”字呈现在我的眼前，往前走，一座高大的青铜大力人像吸引了我，它身高26米，目光炯炯有神地注视着远方，它头戴莲花高冠，冠上刻着一些奇怪的图案，身着三件黄袍，据说这还是我国历史上第一件黄袍呢。
21、三星堆出土的文物种类繁多，琳琅满目。青铜器，黄金器，玉石器与陶器共同铸造了辉煌的三星堆文化。其中，青铜文化代表了三星堆文化的最高成就。青铜立人像，青铜神树，青铜纵目面具，戴金面罩青铜人头像等，是“中国之最”，也是“世界之最”。
22、三星堆博物馆修建在三星堆古城外，现对外开放的共有两个展馆。最著名的展品有：玉璋、金杖、金面具、青铜大立人像和青铜神树。一号展馆内有大量的陶制酒器和食器，透露出浓厚的市民生活气息；馆内还有玉做的刀、剑等，做工精良质地上乘。专家认为，玉非常易碎，肯定不是用来当武器，可能是用来当做摆设。其切割、雕刻、镂空技术之精细，让世人叹为观止。
23、青铜神树铸造于三千多年前，看上去极为壮观，真可算是独树一帜，举世无双。这棵神树高3。95米，含底座、树身、龙三部分，是集青铜铸造工艺之大成的作品。这棵青铜树的底座上有三个拱形足如同树根，主干上有三层树枝，均弯曲下垂，树枝尖端有花朵果实，其上均有立鸟，全树共铸九只鸟。在树的一侧，有一条残龙缓树而下，龙身呈绳索状，剑状羽翅。
24、北纬30度，一条神秘的纬线。在它的两侧，屡屡诞生奇迹，饱含着自然和文明的资讯。这里有无数令人叹为观止的远古文明，最早绽放出人类文明的光彩：三星堆。
25、走进三星址，双眼一亮，仿佛有某种暗含的沉沉深深的底蕴在内心强烈地荡漾。走在古蜀文化的重要遗址，能捕捉到数千年前的金乌（神鸟）的声音，能想象到千年万年之后的鸟声，是否依然？！是什么风？在古老盆地上吹出一个遗址，诞生一个摇篮。是什么雨？让古蜀王国降落了一棵神树，种下一片梦想。
26、三星堆的发现使一个已经失落的古老的巴蜀文明，一个只有茫昧迷离的文献记述而缺乏物化实证的巴蜀文明，破土而出，喷薄而发，闪显出灿烂而耀眼的光芒，照亮了巴蜀文化史上几显苍白和阁黑的澎湃城。
27、是谁手持一柄玉剑？刺破了天地的静谧与神秘，洞开了一个谜语般诡异莫测的世界，分娩了一座长达数千年的文明宝库……
28、当风、或雨、或剑径直指向我展开的联想上，那些青铜铸造的人像、鸟兽、形器、金杖以至众多的玉陶和碎片，闪烁着远古的寒光，犹如一个个诱人耳目次第呈现的词根，同历史一路走来一脉相承，让原始的民俗风情葆住永恒。在充满青铜气质和感恩声音的路上，我拾到的不仅仅是诗歌的青铜、美玉、金杖和陶器……
三星堆英文导游词
导语：三星堆古遗址位于四川省广汉市西北的鸭子河南岸，分布面积12平方千米，距今已有5000至3000年历史，是迄今在西南地区发现的范围最大、延续时间最长、文化内涵最丰富的古城、古国、古蜀文化遗址。以下是小编整理三星堆英文导游词的资料，欢迎阅读参考。
The first pavilion samsung with the moon - the brilliant ancient shu civilization
Audience friends:
Hello, welcome to sanxingdui visit!
Sanxingdui to about 5000 ~ 5000 years ago, with a total area of 12 square kilometers, is found in sichuan area is the most widely, the longest duration, the ancient city with the most abundant cultural connotation, ancient ruins of the ancient shu culture, sanxingdui commentaries. The discovery of sanxingdui ruins, which pushed the source of ancient shu history from the spring and autumn period and the warring states period to about 2000 years; It has proved eloquently that the origin of Chinese civilization is multiplex.
The sanxingdui site covers a total area of 12 square kilometers, and its central area is an old city surrounded by three walls of east, west and south, the duck river to the north and nearly four square kilometers of urban area. The city, which was so large 3,000 years ago, is rare in the whole country, and is believed to have been the capital of the ancient shu state. The narrow sanxingdui refers to sites within the three loess heap, north of it and its crescent is a crescent moon, through the ancient Ma Mu henan north, "samsung," hence the name, and in the long ago become a famous cultural landscape. Yan in the spring of 1929, local farmers (yan1) as near the garden digging a ditch when accidentally discovered more than 400 of the country with rich ancient shu jade stone, has drawn great attention of the Chinese and foreign archaeologists. Since the 1930s, several generations of archeological people have been here to find out. From July to September 1986, two large commercial dynasties were excavated, and thousands of exquisite relics were born, and sanxingdui was famous.
The first unit is in the southwest -- the history of ancient shu in 2000
The ancient legend records that the ancestors of shu people were from the yellow emperor, the state of shu, the state of shu. The first generation of shu wang is called silkworm bush, his greatest achievement is to teach the people to plant mulberry silkworm; The second generation of shu wang's name is bai irrigation. There are few details about him, and he only knows that "bai irrigation" is a waterfowl. The third generation of shu wang is the fish teal. The "teal" is an osprey, and the sanxingdui has found a large number of birds, with the most images of the osprey, which is generally believed to be the most closely related to the sanxingdui. The fourth generation of shu wang called du yu, du yu is the cuckoo. Legend "leisure farming", he loved, but weak governance shudu floods, and from the liberal's in its region, due to control the floods,, loved by the people become the fifth generation of shu wang replaced the cuckoo. It is estimated that from the early period of the shang dynasty to the middle of the spring and autumn period from the early part of the shang dynasty to the middle of the spring and autumn period, the enlightenment was from the middle of the spring and autumn to the middle of the spring and autumn period.
In the north of han river basin, east to jingjiang reach area, southwest of dadu river, jinsha river and north area in guizhou, there are many sites and relics of the shu culture, the distribution of the most densely populated region is the chengdu plain. Sanxingdui site is located in the center of the cultural circle of shu, which was the center of the ancient shu culture three or four thousand years ago.
The sanxingdui culture lasted more than 2,000 years from 5,000 to 2,800 years ago. From the archaeological stratigraphy and typology, sanxingdui culture is divided into four periods.
The primary culture of sanxingdui is about 5,000 ~ 4000 years ago. This period pottery with wide along the flat machine, mainly used in hole ring foot, production methods are hand-made, the means of production is given priority to with stone axes, froe, chisel, small shape, at the same time in the jade, jade kei (gu and), yuhuan and other small etiquette supplies.
Many architectural remains have been found in the ruins. The buildings are mostly dry columns. The advantages are that the materials are easy to be used, and that they are well protected against wind and moisture. The housing area is generally two or thirty square meters, the largest one is about 200 square meters, it is estimated that it is a public property.
In 1997, 29 rectangular mud pits were found in the village of rensheng outside the western wall of sanxingdui, where jade ware, stone tools, pottery and ivory were unearthed. Among them, the jade of cone shape, style, and jiangsu and zhejiang area neolithic tombs of liangzhu culture jade unearthed in conical device, illustrates the chengdu plain and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze river region have long cultural ties.
Sichuan neolithic cultural sites distribution is very wide, especially in the chengdu plain found many ancient city sites, among them with dujiangyan xinjian township treasure at the pier, the dragon mountain city ruins, salween yufu city sites, double river state, purple bamboo village ruins of ancient city ruins of ancient city, PI county, found that for the bulk. The discovery of these ancient cities shows that in the late neolithic period chengdu plain had already had the small city organization, only sanxingdui stood out as the center of the ancient shu state.
Archaeology in the sense of sanxingdui culture in two to three phases of sanxingdui culture as the representative, about 4000 years ago to 3200, equivalent to the central plains xia shang, this is the most prosperous period of sanxingdui culture, is believed to belong to the history of the ancient shu of the legendary king of yufu era. In this stage, the local specialty of high - stalk beans, small flat cans, bird heads (ba4) spoon and other earthenware appeared, and formed the basic combination of shu earthenware.
From the second phase, sanxingdui entered the age of civilization. People built walls, east, west and south. Nearly 4 square kilometers of the central city has been completed, the city layout is reasonable, the structure is rigorous. According to different functions, it needs to be divided into the workshop area of the residents' living area, the sacrificial area, the burial area, the palace district, etc., and the guide word "sanxingdui guide".
It is generally believed that the establishment of the city, the setting of the sacrificial site, the production of bronzes and the appearance of words are the symbols of the ancient civilization and the country. Sanxingdui has not general settlements and villages, but in early in the southwestern city, country, especially in combination with the unearthed cultural relics sites, the ancient shu kingdom has made remarkable achievements in various fields.
Sanxingdui ancient shu kingdom was not because "intones difficult" and not on contacts with other regions, in the ruins unearthed YuGe, jade Zhang (useful ā ng), ceramic He (he), bronze, copper statue, etc and jiangsu, henan, anhui and other places are very similar unearthed artifacts, Peng county in sichuan bamboo tile found at the street belongs to the central plains of bronze vessels (zhi) and copper statue, is probably the shu army joined Zhou Wang reward out of struggle to shu wang booty; There are also some records of "zheng shu", "shu", "shu 300", etc. All the signs show us that the ancient shu nation was full of open spirit.
The fourth period culture of sanxingdui ruins is an early shu culture period, which is roughly the same as the late zhou dynasty, about 3,200 ~ 2800 years ago.
The fourth period of pottery is dominated by small canisters and sharp depots. In this period, a certain factor made the grand sanxingdui ancient city suddenly abandoned, and sanxingdui civilization interrupted the local development process. In early 2001, with the discovery of jinsha site in chengdu, the traces of the ancient shu state became clear. The era of jinsha ruins was in the late shang dynasty and early western zhou dynasty, late at sanxingdui site, and there was a close internal connection between the two. Scholars believe that after the sanxingdui, the political and cultural center of ancient shu moved south to chengdu, and the ancient shu culture moved to a new stage of development.
The second unit is the tianfu - sanxingdui agriculture and commerce
At present within the site unearthed a large number of form large pot, ceramic cylinder, POTS, etc., it is possible that containers of food, their shape, large size, more reflect the diversity of crop production. Livestock, is one of the scale of agriculture to flourish, the unearthed sanxingdui domesticated animal bones and animals such as pigs, sheep, horse, chicken modelling is more, can want to see the poultry industry has a certain scale, agricultural and sideline products is also very rich.
Relics unearthed in a lot of wine, the food in addition to meet the daily life, there has been a rest used for wine, in these wine, pottery He and bottle shape cup's most distinctive.
Tao He (he) - generally think it is a warm wine, mostly three 40 cm. Tao He lower three hollow pouch can increase tao He capacity, and can make a fire heating, the design is very reasonable. In the ruins of a soil pit, had found a tao He with more than 20 pieces of bottle shape cups placed one place, and the wine is used.
Bell mouth, the bottle shape cup - is made of fine bottleneck, round flat, some neck and ornamentation, looks simple and beautiful, because of the shape bottleneck is small, some scholars speculate that wine should be at that time may be to "wine chamber (z ǐ)" sake.
More than 80 ivory tusks were unearthed at sanxingdui site, which were identified as the incisors of Asian elephants. Scholars consider them to be symbols of the wealth of the ruling class. As for the source of ivory, it is possible that local elephants might have been the result of trade deals with neighbouring countries or even further afield.
The ancient shu is located inland, in sanxingdui memorial pit, but unearthed nearly 5, 000 seashells. According to the general explanation, haibei was the primitive currency of Commodity Exchange in the early years of civil society, and the trade and commerce between the ancient shu countries and the surrounding areas were frequent. 2 sacrificial pit have been unearthed at 4 pieces of imitation in seashells of copper, the copper shell are rarely seen across the country, whether it is the one of the first metal currency, it remains to be further research.
A great deal of archaeological data has shown that cultural exchanges and economic exchanges have been found in the area of shu and its surrounding areas even further back in the three or four thousand years ago. According to the research, in the pre-qin period, the chengdu plain was opened to connect ancient China with South Asia, central Asia, west Asia and southeast Asia. Although we cannot know how long the ancient shu people have walked on the rugged mountain road, what we can see is the perseverance and perseverance of the ancient shu people. It was this spirit and persistence that created the glorious civilization of ancient shu and opened the window of China to the world.
The third unitary soil - sanxingdui pottery
It is easy to draw, easy to make, not permeable, and can withstand high temperature barbecue, thus becoming the life supplies of various agricultural peoples. The pottery industry of sanxingdui ancient shu reached a high level.
The sanxingdui unearthed a large number of small flat and pointed POTS, bowls, cups, cups, etc. They were typical objects of the pottery of shu. The bottom is small to a conical shape, which is not stable at all. A similar object was found in the site, which is estimated to be used with the sharp end.
High a bean is above the disc body, is mainly used for sheng (cheng2) put the food, the lower is the horn ring foot, connection of the tubular beans (ba4), some bean residue was more than 70 cm long, this is the ancient people sit on the floor for the convenience of life designed a very ingenious and practical life appliance. There is also an eye on the pedestal of this high-handle bean, and the eye pattern appears more in the sanxingdui artefacts, which must have a profound meaning.
Three feet for cooking could be instruments of ancient people cooking food, a trend of tripartite confrontation with three legs, the first step to light the fire heating, three-legged are hollow, and mouth are interlinked, water capacity is very big, wide area (cheng2) water can be used to hold or to place food, its huge body and distinctive modelling is very rare.
Unearthed sanxingdui doi new realistic modelling, lively and lovely, tell from the shape, with lotus, cockscomb, some still like the roof of the mosque, as part of wheel cover, new plastic part then knead by hand, fully shows the sanxingdui anonymous craftsmen rich imagination and skills.
Hundreds of "ba4 spoons" were unearthed at the site, and most of the dipper parts were damaged, leaving only the bird's head shape "ba4". The beak of a bird is very similar to a fish hawk. The academic community thinks that the ancient shu kingdom of sanxingdui may have a close connection with the legendary third-generation shu wang, which is one of the important bases.
The pottery of sanxingdui is an unpretentious and unpretentious one, which recreates the vivid picture of the daily life of the ancient shu people, and plays a huge role in the determination of the sanxingdui site and the stage of the sanxingdui culture.
The fourth unit is jade stone, a jade stone
Jade stone has a unique position in the history of the Chinese nation. Since the late neolithic age, our country's jade industry has been developed, which was represented by the liangzhu culture jade stone
第一展馆 三星伴月——灿烂的古蜀文明
观众朋友：
您好，欢迎您到三星堆参观游览！
三星堆遗址距今约5000年～2800年，总面积12平方公里，是目前四川境内发现面积最广，延续时间最长，文化内涵最为丰富的古城、古国、古蜀文化遗址，三星堆导游词。三星堆遗址的发现，将古蜀历史的渊源从春秋战国时期向前推进了约2000年；雄辩地证明了中华文明的起源是多元一体的。
三星堆遗址总面积为12平方公里，其中心区域是一座由东、西、南三面城墙包围着的古城，北面是鸭子河，城区面积近4平方公里。3000多年前如此宏大规模的城市，在全国范围内都很少见，据考证这里曾经是古蜀国的国都所在地。狭义的三星堆特指遗址内的三个黄土堆，它与北面犹如一弯新月的月亮湾，隔着古老的马牧河南北相望，“三星伴月”由此得名，并在很早以前就成为一处著名的人文景观。1929年的春天，当地农民燕（yan1）道成在自家院子附近挖水沟时偶然发现了400余件具有浓郁古蜀地方特色的玉石器，引起了中外考古学家的高度重视。从30年代开始，几古学人便在此发幽探微。1986年7月至9月，两个大型商代祭祀坑的相继发掘，上千件精美文物横空出世，广汉三星堆从此名扬天下。
第一单元 雄踞西南—古蜀2000年沧桑史
古史传说记载，蜀人的远祖出自黄帝，古蜀国有五代蜀王。第一代蜀王叫蚕丛，他最大的功绩是教民种桑养蚕；第二代蜀王名叫柏灌，关于他的具体记载几乎没有，只知道“柏灌”是一种水鸟；第三代蜀王叫鱼凫。“凫”就是鱼鹰，三星堆发现了大量鸟的造型，其中鱼鹰的形象最多，一般认为，与三星堆关系最为密切的便是鱼凫王。第四代蜀王叫杜宇，杜宇就是杜鹃鸟。相传他“教民务农”，倍受爱戴，但却无力治理蜀地的水患，而来自川东荆楚地区的开明氏，由于治理了水患，受到人民的拥戴，取代了杜宇而成为第五代蜀王。推测蚕丛、柏灌、鱼凫三代是从夏朝至商末周初，杜宇估计是从商末周初至春秋中叶，开明氏则是从春秋中叶至公元前316年秦灭巴蜀。
在北达汉水流域，东至荆江地区，西南迄大渡河，金沙江及今贵州北部一带，分布着许多蜀文化的遗址和遗迹，分布最密集的地区是成都平原。三星堆遗址位于蜀文化圈的中心区域，是三四千年前是古蜀文化的中心。
三星堆文化从距今5000年到2800年，延续了2000多年。从考古地层学和类型学上看，三星堆文化分为四期。
三星堆一期文化距今约5000～4000年。这个时期的陶器以宽沿平底器、镂孔圈足器等为主，制作方法多为手制，生产工具以石制的斧、锛、凿为主，器型小，同时出现了玉璧、玉圭（guī）、玉环等小型礼仪用品。
遗址内发现了许多建筑遗迹，这些建筑多为干栏式建筑，其优点是材料易得，而且防风防潮性能良好。房屋面积一般为二、三十平方米，最大的一处建筑面积达200平方米左右，估计是公共性质的建筑。
1997年，在三星堆西城墙外的仁胜村发现了29座长方形土坑，坑中出土有玉器、石器、陶器、象牙等。其中，玉锥形器的形制、风格和江浙一带新石器时代良渚文化墓葬中所出土的玉锥形器极为相似，说明了成都平原和长江中下游地区很早就有了文化联系。
四川新石器时代文化遗址分布非常广阔，特别是在成都平原发现了很多古城遗址，其中以新津龙马乡宝墩古城遗址、都江堰芒城遗址、温江鱼凫城遗址、崇州双河、紫竹村古城遗址、郫县古城遗址等的发现为大宗。这些古城的发现，说明在早在新石器时代晚期成都平原已经有了大小城邦组织，其中只有三星堆脱颖而出，成为古蜀国的中心都邑。
考古学意义上的三星堆文化是以三星堆遗址二至三期文化为代表，大约距今4000年至3200年，相当于中原地区的夏商时代，这是三星堆文化最繁荣的时期，一般认为属于古蜀史传说中的鱼凫王时期。在这个阶段极具地方特色的高柄豆、小平底罐、鸟头把（ba4）勺等陶器大量出现，并形成了蜀地陶器的基本组合。
从二期开始，三星堆进入了文明时代。人们修建了城墙，东、西、南三面城墙。面积近4 平方公里的中心城市也已建成，城内布局合理、结构严谨。按不同的功能、需要分为居民生活区作坊区、祭祀区、墓葬区、宫殿区等，导游词《三星堆导游词》。
一般认为，城市的建立、祭祀场所的设置、青铜器的`产生、文字的出现等是古代文明和国家产生的标志。三星堆已经不是一般的聚落、村寨，而是雄踞在西南的早期城市、国家，特别是结合遗址中的出土文物来看，古蜀国在各个领域都取得了卓越的成就。
三星堆古蜀国并没有因为“蜀道难”而与其他地区不相往来，遗址中出土的玉戈、玉璋（zhāng）、陶盉（hé）、铜牌饰、铜尊等与江苏、河南、安徽等地出土的器物极为相似；在四川彭县竹瓦街发现了商末周初属于中原的铜觯（zhì）和铜尊，很可能是蜀国的军队参加了灭商的斗争周王赏赐给蜀王的战利品；中原甲骨文中也不乏有“征蜀”、“伐蜀”、“蜀射三百”等记载……种种迹象都向我们说明了古代蜀国是充满开放精神的。
三星堆遗址四期文化是早蜀文化由盛转衰时期，大致相当于商末周初，距今3200～2800年左右。
四期的陶器以小平底罐和尖底器为主。在这个时期，某种因素使宏大的三星堆古城被突然废弃，三星堆文明中断了在本地的发展进程。2001年初，随着成都金沙遗址的发现，古蜀国的踪迹才显清晰。金沙遗址的时代约在商代晚期至西周早期，晚于三星堆遗址，两者之间有着密切的内在联系。学者们认为，自广汉三星堆之后，古蜀国的政治、文化中心向南迁移到了成都，古蜀文化至此转入一个新的发展阶段。
第二单元 物华天府—三星堆的农业与商贸
目前在遗址内出土了大量形体硕大的陶盆、陶缸、陶罐等，有可能是装粮食的容器，它们器型多、体量大，反映了当时农作物生产的多样性。家畜饲养，是农业兴旺发达的标尺之一，三星堆遗址出土的家养动物遗骨及猪、羊、马、鸡等动物造型较多，可以想见当时家禽饲养业具有一定的规模，农副产品也很丰富。
遗址中出土了大量的酒器，说明粮食除了满足日常生活外，已经有了剩余部分用于酿酒，在这些酒器中，以陶盉和瓶形杯最具特色。
陶盉（hé）——一般认为它是温酒器，大多高三四十厘米。陶盉下部的三只中空袋状足既可以加大陶盉容量，又可生火加温，设计极为合理。在遗址的一个土坑中，曾发现一件陶盉与20多件瓶形杯放置一处，可见这些酒器是配套使用的。
瓶形杯——被做成喇叭口、细瓶颈、圆平底，有的颈部还有纹饰，看起来质朴美观，由于这种器型瓶颈较小，有学者推测当时的酒应可能是去了“酒滓（zǐ）”的清酒。
三星堆遗址祭祀坑共出土80多枚象牙，经鉴定为亚洲象的门齿。学者们认为它们是统治阶级财富的象征。至于象牙的来源，有可能当时本地出产大象也有可能是蜀地与周邻国家甚至更远地区商贸交易的结果。
古蜀地处内陆，在三星堆祭祀坑中却出土了近5000枚海贝。按一般的解释，海贝是文明社会初期从事商品交换的原始货币，可见古蜀国与周边地区商贸往来的频繁。二号祭祀坑中还出土了4枚仿海贝而成的铜贝，这种铜贝在全国范围内都很少见到，它是否是我国最早的一种金属货币呢，还有待进一步研究。
大量的考古资料证明早在三、四千年前蜀地与周边地区甚至更远的地方就有了文化交流和经济往来。据考证，先秦时期就已经开通了以成都平原为起点，连接古代中国与南亚、中亚、西亚以及东南亚的 “南方丝绸之路”。虽然我们无法知道古代蜀人在崎岖的山道上究竟走了多久，但是我们能体会到的是古蜀人坚忍不拔的精神与毅力。正是这种精神与毅力创造了辉煌灿烂的古蜀文明，也打开了中国通往世界的窗口。
第三单元 化土成器—三星堆陶器
陶器取材容易，制作简便，具有不透水，而且可以经受高温烧烤，因此成为各个农业民族的生活用品。三星堆古蜀国的制陶业达到了一个相当高的境界。
三星堆出土了数量巨大的小平底和尖底的罐、钵、杯、盏等，它们是蜀地陶器的典型器物。这种尖底器，底部小到呈圆锥状，根本放不稳，遗址中出土了一种类似器座的器物，估计是和尖底器搭配使用的。
高柄豆上面是盘状体，主要用于盛（cheng2）放食物，下部是喇叭形圈足，连接二者的是管状的豆把（ba4），有的豆把残长竟达70多厘米，这是席地而坐的古人们为方便生活而设计的一种很巧妙实用的生活用具。这件高柄豆的器座上还刻有一只眼睛，眼睛图形在三星堆文物上出现较多，必定有深刻的寓意。
三足炊器可能是古人蒸煮食物的器具，三足呈鼎立之势，足下可以生火加温，三足均为中空，与口部相通，容水量很大，宽大的盘面可以用于盛（cheng2）水或放置食物，其硕大的形体及独特的造型非常罕见。
三星堆出土的陶盖纽造型惟妙惟肖、生动可爱，从造型上讲，有莲蓬状的，鸡冠花状的，有的还像清真寺的屋顶，盖的部分是轮制而成的，纽的部分则用手工捏塑，充分显示了三星堆无名工匠们丰富的想象力和高超的技艺。
遗址中出土了数以百计的“鸟头把（ba4）勺”，勺体部分大多损坏，只剩下有鸟头造型的“勺把（ba4）”。鸟弯弯的勾喙与鱼鹰极为相似。学术界认为三星堆古蜀国可能与传说中第三代蜀王鱼凫有着密切的联系，这一大批鸟头勺把就是非常重要的依据之一。
三星堆的陶器以朴实无华的特质，再现了古蜀人日常生活的生动画卷，并对三星堆遗址年代的测定及三星堆文化的分期起到了巨大作用。
第四单元 以玉通神—三星堆玉石器
玉石器在中华民族的历史上有着独特的地位。自新石器时代晚期以来，我国的制玉业就很发达，这一时期以良渚文化玉石器为代表
英文导游词
作为一名专门为游客提供优质服务的导游人员，常常要写一份好的导游词，导游词可以加深游客对景点的印象，是提升讲解水平的重要工具。导游词应该怎么写才好呢？下面是小编帮大家整理的英文导游词，欢迎大家分享。
英文导游词1
welcome to yunnan, welcome to tengchong! it’s my honor to be your guide. today we are going to visit the volcanoes and hot rings in tengchong, which are the most famous here.
as we will get there in a few minutes, first allow me to give you a brief intoduction of tengchong. tengchong is located in the southwest of china and occupies an area of 5800 square kilometers. there are 23 nationalities here, such as 汉、傣、回、白 nationalities and so on. when we mentioned tengchong, three things will come into mind, which are: the volcanoes and hot rings having 0,000 years, the border city having ,000 years and the fair of jade having 00 years.
later we will get to the volcanoes and the hot ring, so now i can tell you something about the latter two ones. they all can reflect the long history tengchong has. tengchong is a city on boarder. and because of its location, it has been an important place for military reasons. and that’s a part of its history. it’s also regarded as the county of manners, and it is the hometown of so many famous people. and another part of its history is that tengchong is one trade center of jade between china and burma. so don’t forget to get a round to the jade fair. i think you will feel interested.
ok, everyone, here is the library of the volcanoes. now let’s have a look at .the volcanoes in tengchong are famous in china, and it’s one of the four groups of volcanoes in china.
英文导游词2
各位游客大家好，欢迎大家来到古镇三河。我是古镇三河的景点讲解员，很高兴见到大家。大家看，这就是我们古镇三河的导游图，三河因丰乐河、杭埠河、小南河贯穿其间而得名。今天，我们将沿着小南河欣赏三河美丽的风景。大家，请跟我来。
眼前这座桥叫做仙归桥，素有仙人归来之意，因为我们三河是历史文化重镇，在海外和全国各地工作的人很多，这座桥表达了家乡人对游子的思念之情。大家请看我左手边，那边有个亭子叫做天然亭又称半亭，因为它只有半个亭子的大小，故称半亭。挺胸化作千枝笔，弄影又成一地书这个亭子上面雕刻着三河的一首名谣十大舍不得。
一舍不得，三河街花花世界
二舍不得，大河水淘米洗菜
三舍不得，中和祥焦切玉带
四舍不得，凌宝泰雨前茶，水到茶开
五舍不得，吴恒隆香米干子，香到门外
六不舍得，石头大桥下，大鲫鱼摇摆鼓塞
七舍不得，小月更上拉拉拽拽
八舍不得，天然楼的油炸烧卖
九舍不得，吴宏兴家的大瓜子一嗑两开
十舍不得，新华春炒菜一喊就来
大家请跟我来，这里就是古西街的入口处了，古西街全长有500多米，有一百多年的历史了，曾经颇有名气的商家就有十多家，如天然楼、吴恒隆、凌宝泰、大德昌等等商家。大家看我们脚下是青石铺
就的道路，经过百年时间的打磨已变得十分光滑，呈现出中间高两边低的状态，像鱼的脊背。两边是青砖小瓦的民居和整齐划一的油漆门板。不知道大家有没有注意，这每户每家门口上方挂有一个灯笼，这灯笼的正方写的是这家男主人的姓氏，如卢，就代表这家人性卢。而灯笼的后面则是这家人的祠堂名或群名。大家感兴趣的可以找下自己的姓氏。大家看那些飞檐高翘的墙叫做风火墙，也叫马头墙。因其形似马头，也就是相当于我们今天的防火墙。这种墙体具有浓厚的皖中徽派建筑特色。古代的建筑一般都为木建筑，怕天火，而风火墙呢，就可以起到隔绝火势蔓延的作用。这种设计既美观又实用，体现了我们古代三河人民的智慧。其实，我们古镇三河有着悠悠2500多年的历史，关于三河最早的文字记载始见于左传，其中记载的公元前537年，吴楚之间的鹊岸之战即发生于此。三河地理位置独特，水运发达，古代就靠水运发家。曾有小南京、小上海的美誉。一度成为皖中商品走廊和稻米集散地。 那么现在我们前往第一个景点，刘同兴隆庄。刘代表姓刘的人开的庄子，中间的同兴隆是这个庄子的商号，庄主叫刘锦堂，他家有五个兄弟，他与二哥刘锦臣就住在刘同兴隆庄。整座刘同兴隆庄分为五进八厢三十二间房屋。临街是一幢二层木楼，二进为走马转心楼，后三进都是平房，建筑面积约有700平方米。
那现在咱们进去详细了解下。刘同兴隆庄门边一副对联：柜上长添新货色，门头不改老招牌
现在我们位于刘同兴隆庄第一进，我右手边是刘记米铺，左手边是刘记布庄，刘同兴隆庄主要经营各种布匹和大米。大米的日运销量可达五百多吨，年收入数万银元。此外，还开有盐铺，瓷器店，当铺等，是古镇最有名气的商家之一。现在，我们进入第二进，第二进为走马转心楼，又称小姐楼，就是刘家女眷所居住的地方了。大家抬头看，这屋顶呢，是当时从国外进口的琉璃瓦做成的，主要是起采光的作用。这上方有一轮美人靠，是当时设计者根据夫人，小姐的身形所设计的。小姐和夫人就靠着美人靠欣赏着当时刘同兴隆庄生意往来繁荣热闹的景象。而这里的两个水缸主要起灭火作用。现在我们进入第三进，大家看我右手边，这就是刘记盐铺，在当时并不是所有人都可以卖盐的，如果是普通老百姓卖盐那可是犯法的。由于刘同兴隆庄的主人刘锦堂是三河商会会长，他有这个权利经营盐铺。我左手边是瓷器店，这里面主要汇集了三大名瓷，河南的钧瓷，江西景德镇的青花瓷，以及福建德化的白瓷。当然了这里面都是仿品。我们现在前往第四进，大家看我右边这位女子就是我们刘同兴隆庄的女主人，刘夫人了。她手上拿着是一条金锁，当时买家将价格砍的很低，她想买又不舍得卖左右为难的表情。我左手边是当铺，里面是朝风，也就是当铺掌柜的。上裕国富/富时取物/缓时赎，下济民急/急处当衣/困时典。这体现了人文经商理念。每两进房屋之间都留下天井，自成独特排水体系。同时，也寄寓着“肥水不流外人田”的经商理念。每进一进这门槛也越来越高了，寓意着步步高升的意思。现在我们来到最后一进，第五进，会所中堂。我右手边这位穿红衣的男子就是刘同兴隆庄的主人，
刘锦堂了。他当时正在和客人谈生意，而左边这位美女是他们家大丫鬟，小翠。她正准备茶果以招待客人。我们刘同兴隆庄都是以蜡像的形式向大家展示，那都是根据刘家后人的回忆制作成的，模拟出生意往来繁荣热闹的景象。这中间是半张桌子，过去只有拿出半张桌子摆在客厅以示客人男主人不在家，女主人是不待客的，男主人回来时，就会拿出另外半张桌子，合拼成一张桌子。数间草屋闲临水，一枕秋声夜听泉。这里的泉不是指泉水，而是屋后的护城河。由于这里正在修建，不便参观，我们沿路返回。
现在我们所通过的巷子叫做合众巷，又叫三人巷，意思是说一次性可通过三个正常体裁的人并排而行。这后面还有个一人巷，顾名思义，一次性只能通过一个人。到了一人巷，会向大家提醒的。前面就是三河人民的母亲河，小南河。说到这里我就不得不提一下，三河历史上一次特大洪水，在1991年，三河的一条河流丰乐河决堤，大水仅用23分钟的时间就将整个三河淹没了。在那边有个基督教堂，大水将教堂都淹没了，只剩下教堂上方一个红十字架，来三河采访的记者看到这样的画面就写了个特写，标题是上帝也就不了你们了，可想当时三河的惨状了。然而呢，在这次洪水中解放军官解救了被困在三河的6000余人，并无一人死亡，这在三河历史上算的上是个奇迹了。我们继续往前走，大家看前方道路中央有棵树，叫做双子树，这棵树和我们刚提到三河1991年特大洪水有关，让我们加快步伐，去探个究竟吧。这棵树叫做双子树，在91年发洪水的时候，有两个顽皮的孩子因没有及时撤离，爬上了这棵树而得救，三河人民为了感谢
这棵树，就为它取名双子树。大家继续往前走，大水之后，三河也得到了一定的救济，大家看左边的房子，是由香港大公报的读者捐赠的，叫做竹苑新村，这些房子并不是真正的徽派建筑，它融合了许多现代化因素，如钢筋混凝土，铝合金窗子等。
大家看前面那座漂亮的桥叫座对月桥，但是很遗憾我们不通过这座桥，(这是仿照扬州瘦西湖的五亭桥)，现在我们就顺着小南河欣赏这里的美景。历史上三河有着小南京、小上海的美誉，它为稻米集散地和皖中商品走廊。40年代时，全国战乱，为躲避战乱，各地做生意的人纷纷来此安家，人口急剧增长7、8万人，但是1949年，全国解放后，人口急剧减少，在这段时期里，三河流传了一首民谣，十大舍不得。这首名谣里反映了许多我们三河的.特色。如三舍不得，中和祥的焦切玉带，焦切玉带在晚清时期曾是贡品。四舍不得，凌宝泰雨前茶，水倒茶开，当地人有一个风俗习惯，吃早茶。三河人不喜欢在家里吃早饭，而是去早餐店，来杯大碗茶，吃着三河米饺，三河米饺是三河的正宗特色早点。出了三河就吃不出那个味了。五舍不得吴恒隆的虾米干子香到门外，吴恒隆的虾米干子包装以及味道都是各种各样的，成为许多游客来到三河的首选。六舍不得石头大桥下大鲫鱼摇摆鼓塞，说的是三河的一道土菜，清蒸大鲫鱼，当地人喜欢在鱼的肚子里放点瘦肉，这样不仅有吃出鱼的鲜美，也有肉的邮香了。十舍不得，新华春的炒菜一喊就来，也就是三河的小炒了。三河地处合肥，黄山，九华山一线上，很多游客选择在三河中转，所以三河打出
英文导游词3
迎着清晨一缕灿烂的阳光，沐浴着秋风。今天我们的旅程要在这美丽的秋色中拉开序幕。各位游客朋友们，大家好，欢迎大家参加安徽旅行社三河古镇之旅。我代表旅行社对大家的到来致以最诚挚的欢迎。我姓王，大家叫我王导或小王都可以。希望有我的陪伴，能让大家留下美好的回忆。
好了，马上就要到我们今天此行的目的地了，三河古镇。
三河距今已有2500多年的历史，自古百货交通，商贾云集，甚是繁荣。曾于1949年设市，当时人口5.6万，被誉为皖中商品走廊，是典型的中国水乡古镇。它坐落在巢湖岸畔，地处合肥，六安，三市交界处，位于安徽省城合肥至黄山，九华山的旅游黄金线上，距合肥35公里。因环镇而抱的丰乐河，杭埠河，与贯穿全镇的小南河合而为一而得名。镇内五里长街，青石板路光滑清澈；镇外，河湖环绕，一派“春秋”古镇，“皖中水乡”的美丽风光，形成了“外环两岸、中峙三洲”的独特地貌。是全国文明村镇，中国历史文化名镇，安徽省最佳旅游乡镇，安徽省环境优美镇，合肥市“新十景之一”。
大家抬头看，这就是三河古镇的标志性建筑，大捷门。大捷门位于三河镇英王路上，为4道边门牌坊。经名工巧匠精雕细作而成，是进入古镇风景区的大门。1858年太平军全歼湘军悍将李续宾精锐部队6000余人。取得举世闻名的三河大捷。大捷门因此而建成，纪念这场军事史上以少胜多的战役。
好了，现在我们来到了鹊渚廊桥。它位于小南河的外河上，因三河古称鹊渚而得名，距今已有1500多年历史，是三河最古老的桥。1982年重建，廊桥上有12根立柱撑起的两层飞檐翘角式的长亭，桥两边建有美人靠，供游人在桥上观景。外国人称廊桥为情人桥，有情人若从这桥上走过，爱情定会地久天长。
大家再看前面那座古桥，就是望月桥。望月桥为拱形踏步石桥，全桥用厚青条石铺成，栏杆是青石浮雕栏杆。站在桥上望月，可以看见三个月亮，一个月亮在天，一个月亮在水中，还有一个月亮在我们的心上。望月桥又称圆梦桥，据说，每到十五月圆之时。只要到这桥上望月许愿。你的愿望就一定可以实现。
现在我们去今天的最后一个景点，万年禅寺。
万年禅寺始建于宋太祖时期，即公元960年，佛历1504年。因为啊，宋太祖和宋太宗幼年随父亲逃难到这里，才能够避过劫难，成就了万世帝业。就觉得当年的逃难险象环生，化险为夷必有佛祖保佑，所以下旨在三河建造佛庙，供奉香火，祈愿万年基业，感化黎民百姓。亲题为万年禅寺。
可是千百年来屡屡被毁，与二龙街，黄水井一起见证着沧桑岁月，战火纷飞。 现在国运昌隆，社会和谐，万年禅寺才能复建。
万年禅寺隶属于大九华山天台下院，与三合众多的旅游景点相映成辉，相得益彰，成为善男信女朝拜的圣地，游客观光的佳境。
万年禅寺复建项目系大九华山天台下院住持宏学大师承建，占地面积30亩，分为大雄宝殿，地藏殿，藏经阁，庙前广场等。
好了各位游客们，上午的游览项目到此告一段落，大家可以去品尝三河的著名小吃美食，补充体力。也可以在古镇内随意游览，感受三河古镇的民俗和水乡温婉的美丽，下午两点之前在此集合，继续参观杨振宁故居和桃花岛，请大家注意安全，谢谢大家。
英文的导游词
作为一名专门引导游客、助人为乐的导游，可能需要进行导游词编写工作，导游词是讲解当地的基本情况，介绍风土人情的.文章。导游词应该怎么写才好呢？下面是小编精心整理的英文的导游词，欢迎阅读与收藏。
英文的导游词1
emperor qin shihuang’s mausoleum and the terra-cotta warriors and horses museum
emperor qin shihuang (259-210b.c.) had ying as his surname and zheng as his given name. he name to the throne of the qin at age 13, and took the helm of the state at age of 22. by 221 b.c., he had annexed the six rival principalities of qi, chu, yan, han, zhao and wei, and established the first feudal empire in china’s history.
in the year 221 b.c., when he unified the whole country, ying zheng styled himself emperor. he named himself shihuang di, the first emperor in the hope that his later generations be the second, the third even the one hundredth and thousandth emperors in proper order to carry on the hereditary system. since then, the supreme feudal rulers of china’s dynasties had continued to call themselves huang di, the emperor.
after he had annexed the other six states, emperor qin shihuang abolished the enfeoffment system and adopted the prefecture and county system. he standardized legal codes, written language, track, currencies, weights and measures. to protect against harassment by the hun aristocrats. emperor qin shihuang ordered the great wall be built. all these measures played an active role in eliminating the cause of the state of separation and division and strengthening the unification of the whole country as well as promotion the development of economy and culture. they had a great and deep influence upon china’s 2,000 year old feudal society.
emperor qin shihuang ordered the books of various schools burned except those of the qin dynasty’s history and culture, divination and medicines in an attempt to push his feudal autocracy in the ideological field. as a result, china’s ancient classics had been devastated and destroy. moreover, he once ordered 460 scholars be buried alive. those events were later called in history“the burning of books and the burying of confucian scholars.”
emperor qin shihuang，for his own pleasure, conscribed several hundred thousand convicts and went in for large-scale construction and had over seven hundred palaces built in the guanzhong plain. these palaces stretched several hundred li and he sought pleasure from one palace to the other. often nobody knew where he ranging treasures inside the tomb, were enclosed alive.
emperor qin shihuang’s mausoleum has not yet been excavated. what looks like inside could noly be known when it is opened. however, the three pits of the terra-cotta warriot excavated outside the east gate of the outer enclosure of the necropolis can make one imagine how magnificent and luxurious the structure of emperor qin shihuang’s mausoleum was.
no.1 pit was stumbled upon in march 1974 when villagers of xiyang village of yanzhai township, lintong county, sank a well 1.5km east of the mausoleum. in 1976, no.2 and 3 pits were found 20m north of no.1 pit respectively after the drilling survey. the terra-cotta warriors and horses are arrayed according to the qin dynasty battle formation, symbolizing the troops keeping vigil beside the mausoleum. this discovery aroused much interest both at home and abroad. in 1975, a museum, housing the site of no.1 and covering an area of 16,300 square meters was built with the permission of the state council. the museum was formally opened to public on oct.1, the national day, 1979.
no.1 pit is 230 meters long from east to west, 62m wide from north to south and 5m deep , covering a total area of 14,260 square meters. it is an earth-and-wood structure in the shape of a tunnel. there are five sloping entrances on the eastern and western sides of the pit respectively. the pit is divided into eleven corridors by ten earthen partition walls, and the floors are paved with bricks. thick rafters were placed onto the walls (but now one can only see their remains), which were covered with mats and then fine soil and earth. the battle formation of the qin dynasty, facing east. in the east end are arrayed three lines of terra-cotta warriors, 70 pieces in each, totaling 210 pieces. they are supposed to be the van of the formation. immediately behind them are 38 columns of infantrymen alternating with war chariots in the corridors, each being 180m long. they are probably the main body of the formation. there is one line of warriors in the left, right and west ends respectively, facing outwards. they are probably the flanks and the rear. there are altogether 27 trial trench, it is assumed that more than 6,000 clay warriors and horses could be unearthed from no.1 pit.
no.2 pit sis about half the size of no.1 pit, covering about 6,000 square meters trail diggings show this is a composite formation of infantry, cavalry and chariot soldiers, from which roughly over 1,000 clay warriors, and 500 chariots and saddled horses could be unearthed. the 2,000-year-old wooden chariots are already rotten. but their shafts, cross yokes, and wheels, etc. left clear impressions on the earth bed. the copper parts of the chariots still remain. each chariot is pulled by four horses which are one and half meters high and two metres long. according to textual research, these clay horses were sculptures after the breed in the area of hexi corridor. the horses for the cavalrymen were already saddled, but with no stirups.
no.3 pit covers an area of 520m2 with only four horses, one chariot and 68 warriors, supposed to be the command post of the battle formation. now, no.2 and 3 pits have been refilled, but visitors can see some clay figures and weapons displayed in the exhibition halls in the museum that had been unearthed from these two pits. the floors of both no.1 and 2 pits were covered with a layer of silt of 15 to 20cm thick. in these pits, one can see traces of burnt beams everywhere, some relics which were mostly broken. analysis shows that the pits were burned down by xiang yu, leader of a peasant army. all of the clay warriors in the three pits held real weapons in their hands and face east, showing emperor qin shihuang’s strong determination of wiping out the six states and unifying the whole country.
the height of the terra-cotta warriors varies from 1.78m, the shortest, to 1.97m, the tallest. they look healthy and strong and have different facial expressions. probably they were sculpted by craftsmen according to real soldiers of the qin dynasy. they organically combined the skills of round engraving, bas-relief and linear engraving, and utilized the six traditional folk crafts of sculpturing, such as hand-moulding, sticking, cutting, painting and so on. the clay models were then put in kilns, baked and colour-painted. as the terra-cotta figures have beeb burnt and have gone through the natural process of decay, we can’t see their original gorgeous colours. however, most of the terra-cotta figures bear the trace of the original colours, and few of them are still as bright as new. they are found to be painted by mineral dyestuffs of vermilion, bright red, pink dark green, powder green, purple, blue, orange, black and white colours.
thousands of real weapons were unearthed from these terra-cotta army pits, including broad knives, swords, spears, dagger-axes, halberds, bows, crossbows and arrowheads. these weapons were exquisitely made. some of theme are still very sharp, analyses show that they are made of alloys of copper and tin, containing more than ten kinds of other metals. since their surfaces were treated with chromium, they are as bright as new, though buried underground for more than 2,000 years. this indicates that qin dynasty’s metallurgical technology and weapon-manufacturing technique already reached quite a high level.
in december 1980, two teams of large painted bronze chariots and horses were unearthed 20 metres west of the mound of emperor qin shihuang’s mausoleum. these single shaft four-horse chariots each comprises 3,462 spare parts, and has a body with two compartments, one behind the other, and an elliptical umbrella like canopy. the four horses harnessed to the chariot are 65-67 centimeters tall. the restored bronze chariots and horses are exact imitations of true chariot, horse and driver in half life-size.
the chariots and horses are decorated with coloured drawings against white background. they have been fitted with more than 1,500 piecese of gold and silvers and decorations, looking luxurious, splendid and graceful. probably they were meant for the use of emperor qin shihuang’s soul to go on inspection. the bronze chariots and horses were made by lost wax casting, which shows a high level of technology. for instance, the tortoise-shell-like canopy is about 4mm thick, and the window is only 1mm thick on which are many small holes for ventilation. according to a preliminary study, the technology of manufacturing the bronze chariots and horses has involved casting, welding, reveting, inlaying embedding and chiseling. the excavation of the bronze chariots and horses provides extremely valuable material and data for the textual research of the metallurgical technique, the mechanism of the chariot and technological modeling of the qin dynasty.
no.2 bronze chariot and horses now on display were found broken into 1,555 pieces when excavated. after two-and-half years’ careful and painstaking restoration by archaeologists and various specialists, they were formally exhibited in the museum on october 1, 1983. no.1 bronze chariot hand horses are on display from 1988.
英文的导游词2
the great mosque at huajue lane
the mosque is a major spot for religious activities of over 60.000 moslems in xi’an, likewise, an important cultural relic protected by the provincial people’s government. unlike the arabic mosques, with splendid domes, the minarets reaching into the clouds, the coulourful engraved sketches with dazzling patterns, the mosque here in xi’an possesses much chinese traditional touch in both its design and artistic outlook; besides the style peculiar to islamic mosques, this mosque also holds characteristics of chinese pavilions with painted beams and engraved ridgepoles.
however, any further discussion about the mosque will be futile unless anything of the introduction of islam into china is brought up.
islam as a religious order was founded in the early period of the 7th century a.d. and was introduced to china in the mid-600s. at that time, arabian merchants and travelers came to the northwest of china by way of persia and afghanistan and thus established diplomatic, trade, and military contacts with china. in the meantime, another route saw a batch of sea voyagers through bangladesh bay and the malacca strait to china’s guangzhou, quanzhou, huangzhou, yangzhou and other cities where many of them settled down and married the local women who later gave birth to babies who then became moslems.
however, massive immigration of the moslems to china did not take place until as late as the early period of the 13th century, when genghis khan, as a result of his expedition against the west, had conquered vast expanses of land stretching from central asia to eastern europe, including the north of iran. many of the moslems in the conquered areas were thus forced to enlist and later settled in china.
among the enlisted many were soldiers, and some were smiths and officials who were called the hui people in the history books on the yuan dynasty. the hui people later followed kublai khan down to the south, helping him unifying china and then establish the yuan dynasty. in the wake of the conquest, islam spread all over china and mosques began to appear everywhere. in the yuan dynasty, many moslems held positions both in the military and civilian organs of the country. and a lot of the moslems took part in zhu yuanzhang’s uprising in the early 14th century and made great contributions to the founding of the ming dynasty. therefore, all the emperors of the dynasty issued mandates to protect islam, and to set up mosques in praise of the moslems for their feats. in the early 16th century, islam predominated qinghai on the minority nationalities including the huis, the uygurs, the kazaks, the kirgizes, the tajiks, the tartars, the ozbeks, the dong xiangs, the salars and the bonans. the moslems in xi’an are mainly the huis, being a small portion out of the ten million in china.
the mosque at hua jue lane is the largest in xi’an, and at the same time, it is also one of the earliest built on a comparatively large scale, and well preserved mosques in china.
according to “the stele on the building of the mosque”, the mosque is said to be built in the tang dynasty. however, the architectural style of the mosque suggests a possible building dating back to the ming dynasty. the four courtyards of the mosque cover an area of more than 12,000 square meters, out of which about 4,000 are occupied by various structures. the still intact wooden front memorial gateway of the front yard, built at the turn of the 17th century, with glazed tiles on the top, spectacular corners and upturned eaves, is about 9 metres high, and has a history of about 360 years. the stone memorial gateway in the center of the second courtyard is flanked with a tail stele on either side with dragons carved on each, recording the repair work ever since the building of the mosque. on the back of one of the steles are engraved characters by the master calligrapher mi fu, “may buddhism fill the universe”, on the other, “royal -bestowed”by dong qichang, another master of the same art of the ming dynasty. they are treasures in chinese calligraphy. at the entrance of the third courtyard is an imperial built hall, where a “month tablet”, showing the calculation of the hui calendars in arabic, is stored. it was compiled by a man in charge of the mosque called xiao mining in the early period of the qing dynasty. a three –storeyed octagonal wooden structure called “retrospection tower”also stands in the center of the courtyard, which has the same function as the minaret in islamic temples in arabic countries, and which is a place from where orders were sent to call the moslems to come to worship. respectively, on the south and north wings of the tower, are a reception chamber and a scripture chamber, both elegantly laid out. the five wooden houses, which are called “water houses”in the southwest section of the mosque are the place where the believers bathe themselves before they attend their services. and in side the fourth courtyard there is a structure called “the pavilion of phoenix”, a place where the worshipers used to wait for the services. the pavilion, in fact, is a compound structure of three small buildings. the six-gabled structure of the central part, adjoining the two three-gabled buildings on each side looks very much like a flying phoenix, and hence its name. just at the back of the pavilion, there is a fishpond, beyond which is a platform occupying an area as large as 700 m2. across both ends of the platform stands the 1,300 square metered service hall, holding over a thousand worshipers at once. there are over six hundred sunk panels well as the sunk panels, are decorated with patterns of painted trailing plants and arabic letterings. the imam leads his group of worshipers, while facing in the direction of mecca, to chant in koran and to pay their religious homage.
the moslems in china share very much the same customs with their brothers and sisters elsewhere in the world. they worship five times a day: at dawn, at noon, in the afternoon, at dusk, and at night. female worshipers attend their services in a separated place from their brothers, usually at home. moslems pay special attention to their health and see that they always wear clean clothes. they are teetotalers not only of wine, but also of pork and animal blood for in koran pigs have been mentioned four times as being “unclean”. according to koran, a man can have four wives and women should wear veils when they go out. however, except a few places in xinjiang, the chinese practise monogamy and women are veiless when they go out. upon his death, a moslem has to be “thoroughly cleaned”(thoroughly bathed), has to be put on “ke fan”(to be shrouded with a piece of white cloth) and has to be buried coffinless in the ground, with an imam reciting scriptures at the funeral.
the chinese constitution promulgates that freedom of religion of each citizen and freedom of preserving or reforming local customs for every nationality are permitted. and of course, the moslems in china enjoy equal rights with peoples of other nationalities and their religious beliefs and customs are respected everywhere in the country.